INDUCTIVE AND DEDUCTIVE

REASONING

Claire Mae P. Jose

 ARGUMENT

A logical argument is a claim that a set of

premises support a conclusion.
An argument is an attempt to demonstrate the
truth of an assertion called a conclusion, based
on the truth of a set of assertions called
premises.
There are two general types of arguments:
inductive and deductive reasoning.
 Difference
between
INDUCTIVE and
DEDUCTIVE
reasoning.
 Type of reasoning that
forms a conclusion based
on the examination of
specific example.
The conclusion
formed by inductive
reasoning is a
conjecture, since it
Mathematical statement
may or may not be
that has not yet been correct.
rigorously proved.
 USES: CONCLUSION
OR
•Patterns
CONJECTURE
•Observations
•Examples
•Predictions

Example #1
Look at the patterns below. Can you draw the next figure
or next set of dots using inductive reasoning?

The trick is to see that one dot is always

placed between and above two dots. Also,
the next figure always has one more dot at
the very bottom row.
Example #2
Multiplication Repeated addition Sum
4 × -2 -2 + -2 + -2 + -2 -8
3 × -7 -7 + -7 + -7 - 21
5 × -6 -6 + -6 + -6 + -6 + -6 - 30

What do you notice about the signs of the sums?

Since the sum is always negative, the pattern suggests

that the product of a positive integer and a negative
integer is negative.
Example #3
Look at the following
patterns:

3 × -4 = -12 Every time the factor on the left

is decreased by 1, the answer is
2 × -4 = -8 increased by 4

1 × -4 = -4 However, the pattern suggests

that a negative times a negative
0 × -4 = 0 is a positive.

-1 × -4 = 4

-2 × -4 = 8

-3 × -4 = 12
Use Inductive Reasoning to predict a number in
each following list.

a. 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, ? b. 2, 5, 10, 17, 26, ?

c. 3, 6, 9, 12, 15, ? d. 1, 3, 6, 10, 15, 21 ?
Use inductive reasoning to make a Conjecture.
Consider the following procedure: Pick a number.
Multiply the number by 8, add 6 to the product,
divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
Complete the above procedure for several
different numbers. Use inductive reasoning to
make a conjecture about the relationship
between the size of the resulting number.
Use inductive reasoning to solve an Application
Length of Pendulum Period of Pendulum in
in Units Heartbeats
1 1

4 2

9 3

16 4

25 5

36 6

Use the data in the above table and inductive reasoning to

answer each of the following questions.
a) If a pendulum has a length of 49 units,
what is its period?

b) If the length of a pendulum is

quadrupled, what happens to its period?
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
Type of reasoning that is
distinguished from Inductive
reasoning, and that is the
process of reaching a
conclusion by applying
general principles and
USES: procedures.
Proof
- A set of Logical
 Law arguments that
Facts forms a
Theorems conclusion.
Logic

Deductive Reasoning entails drawing conclusion

from facts. When using deductive reasoning there are
a few laws that are helpful to know.
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 Law of Detachment: If p→q is true, and p is
true, then q is true. See the example below.
Here are two true statements:
• If a number is odd (p), then it is the sum of an
even and odd number (q).
• 5 is an odd number (a specific example of p).

The conclusion must be that 5 is

the sum of an even and an odd
number (q).
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 Law of ContrapositiveIf p→q is true and ∼q is
true, then you can conclude ∼p is also true. See the
example below.
Here are two true statements:
• If a student is in Geometry (p), then he or she has
passed Algebra I (q).
• Daniel has not passed Algebra I (a specific example
of ~q).

The conclusion must be

that Daniel is not in Geometry
(~p).
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 Law of Syllogism: If p→q is true and q→r is
true then p→r is also true . See the example
below.
• Here are three true statements:
• If a student is in math class (p), he or she uses
a pencil(q).
• If a student uses a pencil (q), he or she will
need an eraser (r).

If a student is in math class(p)

then he or she will need an
eraser(r).
DEDUCTIVE REASONING
 Use deductive reasoning to show that the following
procedure produces a number that is four times the
original number.
• Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 8, add
6 to the product. Divide the sum by 2, and subtract 3.
• Let n represent the original number.

Use deductive reasoning to show that the following

procedure produces a number that is three times the
original number.

•Procedure: Pick a number. Multiply the number by 6, add

10 to the product, divide the sum by 2, and subtract 5.
Hint: Let n represent the original number.
 DEDUCTIVE
REASONING

Determine whether each of the following arguments

is an example of inductive and deductive reasoning.

a. During the past 10 years, a tree has produced plums

every other year. Last year the tree did not produce
plums, so this year the tree will produce plums.

b. All home improvements cost more than the

estimate. The contractor estimated that my home
improvement will cost $35,000. Thus my home
improvement will cost more than $35,000.
 DEDUCTIVE
REASONING

Determine whether each of the following

arguments is an example of inductive and
deductive reasoning.

A. All Gillian Flynn novels are worth reading. The

novel Gone Girl is a Gillian Flynn novel. Thus
Gone Girl is worth reading.

B. I know I will win a jackpot on this slot machine

in the next 10 tries, because it has not paid
out any money during the last 45 tries.
Claire Mae P. Jose