3TH MEETING

CELL STRUCTURE AND

FUNCTION

DEPARTEMEN PENDIDIKAN NASIONAL

UNIVERSITAS NEGERI SURABAYA
JURUSAN BIOLOGI - FMIPA
2009
 LEARNING OUTCOMES
You should be able to:
1. describe and interpret drawings and photographs of typical
animal and plant cells as seen using the light microscope and
make microscopical measurement;
2. explain the meanings of, and distinguish between, the terms
resolution and magnification and calculate the linier
magnification of drawings;
3. describe and interpret drawings and photographs of typical
animal and plant cells as seen using the electron microscope,
recognizing rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum, golgi
aparatus, mitochondria, ribosomes, lysosomes, chloroplast,
plasma membrane, centrioles, cilia and the nucleus.
 CELL BIOLOGY & MICROSCOPY
• There are two fundamentally different types of
microscope now in use: the light microscope and the
electron microscope.

• Both use a form of radiation in order to create an image

of the specimen being examined.

• The light microscope uses light as a source of radiation,

while the electron microscope uses electrons.
Anton van Leeuwenhoek
• First
compound
light
microscope
 Robert Hooke
• Coined the
term “cell”
 Matthias Schlieden
• All plants
are made of
cells
 Theodor Schwann
• All animals
are made of
cells
 Rudolf Virchow
• Cells can
only arise
from pre-
existing cells
 Cell Theory
1. The cell is the basic unit of
structure.
2. The cell is the basic unit of
function.
3. All cells arise from pre-
existing cells.
ANIMAL & PLANT CELLS HAVE
FEATURES IN COMMON
 Two Basic Cell Types
1) Prokaryote
–Lacks internal
compartments.
–No true nucleus.
–Most are single-celled
(unicellular)
organisms.
–Examples: bacteria
 Two Basic Cell Types
2) Eukaryote
–Has several internal structures
(organelles).
–True nucleus.
–Either unicellular or
multicellular.
unicellular example: yeast
multicellular examples:
plants and animals
Differences between Prokaryotic & Eukaryotic cells
Bacterial cells also contain flagellum, plasmid and capsule.

Feature Prokaryote Eukaryote

Size Small about 0.5 micrometers Up to 40 micrometers

Genetic DNA in form of linear chromosomes (

Circular DNA (in cytoplasm)
material in nucleus)

Many organelles:
Few present, none membrane •Double membranes e.g.: nucleus,
Organelles
bound mitochondria & chloroplasts
•Single membrane e.g.: GA, ER &
lysosomes

•Fungi: rigid, formed from

Rigid formed from polysaccharide, chitin.
Cell walls •Plant: rigid, formed from
glycoproteins (mainly murein)
polysaccharides. E.g.: cellulose.
•Animals no cell wall

Ribosome’s 70s 80s

The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell
1) Boundaries
A) Plasma Membrane
-- Serves as a boundary
between the cell and its
external environment.
-- Allows materials to
pass in and out of the
cell.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
2) Controls
A) Nucleus
•Regulates cell function.
•Surrounded by a double-
layered membrane (nuclear
enveloped) with large pores
that allow materials to pass
in and out of the nucleus.
•Contains chromatin – long
tangles of DNA.
 2) Controls
B) Nucleolus
•Found in the nucleus
and responsible for
ribosome production.
Ribosomes are the
sites of protein
production.
 The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
3) Assembly
–Cytoplasm
•The jelly-like material
that surrounds the
organelles.
Cytosol

Cytoplasm refers to the jelly-like

material with organelles in it.

If the organelles were removed, the

soluble part that would be left is
called the cytosol. It consists
mainly of water with dissolved
substances such as amino acids in
it.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
4) Transport
A) Endoplasmic reticulum
•Folded membrane that acts as
the cell’s delivery system.
•Smooth E.R. contains
enzymes for lipid synthesis.
•Rough E.R. is studded with
ribosomes for protein
synthesis.
 4) Transport
B) Golgi apparatus (or Golgi
body)
•A series of flattened sacs
where newly made lipids and
proteins from the E.R. are
repackaged and shipped to
the plasma membrane.
The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
5) Storage
A) Vacuoles
•A sac of fluid
surrounded by a
membrane used to
store food, fluid, or
waste products.
         Vacuoles and vesicles are storage organelles in cells.
Vacuoles are larger than vesicles. Either structure may store
water, waste products, food, and other cellular materials. In
plant cells, the vacuole may take up most of the cell's volume.
The membrane surrounding the plant cell vacuole is called the
tonoplast.
 5) Storage
B) Lysosomes
•Contain a digestive enzyme.
•Can fuse with vacuoles to
digest food, or can digest
worn cell parts.
•Also known as “suicide sacs”
because they can also destroy
the whole cell.
                      
Steps in lysomal formation

• The ER and Golgi apparatus make a lysosome

• (2) The lysosome fuses with a digestive vacuole

(3) Activated acid

• hydrolases digest the contents

 The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
6) Energy Transformers
Mitochondria
•Produce the energy for
the cell.
•Also known as the
“powerhouse of the cell”.
•Has a highly folded inner
membrane (cristae).
MITOCHONDRIA
 6) Energy Transformers
B) Chloroplasts
-- Found in plant cells and
some protists.
-- Transforms light energy
into chemical energy which is
stored in food molecules.
-- Contain chlorophyll – a
green pigment that traps light
energy and gives plants their
green color.
 The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
7) Support
–Cytoskeleton
•A network of thin, fibrous
materials that act as a scaffold
and support the organelles.
•Microtubules – hollow filaments
of protein.
•Microfilaments – solid filaments
of protein.
 The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:
8) Locomotion
1) Cilia
•Short, numerous, hair-like
projections from the
plasma membrane.
•Move with a coordinated
beating action.
•cilia are thread-like projections of certain cells that beat in a regular
fashion to create currents that sweep materials along;

                                          
 8) Locomotion
B) Flagella
•Longer, less numerous
projections from the
plasma membrane.
•Move with a whiplike
action.
Flagella may extend to the rear of a cell and
push it forward by snakelike wriggling, or
stick out in front and draw it along. We
humans possess both flagella and cilia.
Each sperm cell is propelled by a trailing
flagellum that accelerates the little torpedo
forward in its quest to fertilize an egg.
 The Parts of The Eukaryotic Cell:

9)
Centrioles Cell Division
–made of protein.
–play a role in the splitting of
the cell into two cells.
–found in animal and fungi
cells.
The centrosome, also called the "microtubule organizing
center", is an area in the cell where microtubles are
produced.
Within an animal cell centrosome there is a pair of small
organelles, the centrioles, each made up of a ring of nine
groups of microtubules. There are three fused microtubules
in each group.
The two centrioles are arranged such that one is
perpendicular to the other.

During animal cell division, the centrosome divides and the

centrioles replicate (make new copies). The result is two
centrosomes, each with its own pair of centrioles. The two
centrosomes move to opposite ends of the nucleus, and from
each centrosome, microtubules grow into a "spindle" which
is responsible for separating replicated chromosomes into
the two daughter cells.
        One of the most important distinguishing features of plant cells is the presence of
a cell wall, a which serves a variety of functions.

  The cell wall protects the cellular contents; gives rigidity to the plant structure;
provides a porous medium for the circulation  and distribution of water, minerals, and
other small nutrient molecules; and contains specialized molecules that regulate growth
and protect  the plant from disease. A structure of great tensile strength, the cell wall is
formed from fibrils of cellulose molecules, embedded in a  water-saturated matrix of
polysaccharides and structural glycoproteins.        .
 Cell wall & Plasmodesmata- In addition to
cell membranes, plants have cell walls. Cell
walls  provide protection and support for
plants.  

 
Unlike cell membranes materials cannot get
through cell walls. This would be a problem
for plant cells if not for special openings
called plasmodesmata.
These openings are used to communicate
                     
and transport materials between plant cells
because the cell membranes are able touch
and therefore exchange needed materials.
PLANT CELL
ANIMAL CELL