1.

16 Mechanical failure
• 1.16.1 Measuring strain
• 1.16.2 Measuring stress
• 1.16.3 Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour
• 1.16.4 Toughness
• 1.16.5 Hardness
• 1.16.6 Stresses on oblique planes
• 1.16.7 Failure theories
Applying load - mechanical
Applying Loads
(hydraulic)
Quarter bridge strain gauge circuit.
LVDT
Circuit
Dial Gauges

Digital demec gauge

 1.16 Mechanical failure
• 1.16.1 Measuring strain
• 1.16.2 Measuring stress
• 1.16.3 Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour
• 1.16.4 Toughness
• 1.16.5 Hardness
• 1.16.6 Stresses on oblique planes
• 1.16.7 Failure theories
 Measuring Stress
http://www.rdpe.com/uk/hiw-sglc.htm
Measuring modulus of elasticity
 1.16 Mechanical failure
• 1.16.1 Measuring strain
• 1.16.2 Measuring stress
• 1.16.3 Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour
• 1.16.4 Toughness
• 1.16.5 Hardness
• 1.16.6 Stresses on oblique planes
• 1.16.7 Failure theories
 Why Materials show elastic
Force
between
behaviour
nucleii

Attraction

Repulsion Distance between

nucleii

Compression

Tension
 1.16 Mechanical failure
• 1.16.1 Measuring strain
• 1.16.2 Measuring stress
• 1.16.3 Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour
• 1.16.4 Toughness
• 1.16.5 Hardness
• 1.16.6 Stresses on oblique planes
• 1.16.7 Failure theories
 Toughness

Toughness   2
For an elastic system

Stress
(force)
Area = average stress

final strain
= Energy absorbed
= work done

Strain (distance)
Final strain
 1.16 Mechanical failure
• 1.16.1 Measuring strain
• 1.16.2 Measuring stress
• 1.16.3 Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour
• 1.16.4 Toughness
• 1.16.5 Hardness
• 1.16.6 Stresses on oblique planes
• 1.16.7 Failure theories
 Shear stress and strain
Area resisting
shear
Shear displacement (x)

Shear Force

L Shear strain is angle 

Shear force
 Stress on oblique planes

 = ½y sin(2θ) 1
0.9
0.8

Shear stress 
0.7
0.6
(relative 0.5
units) 0.4
y = 2 0.3
0.2
0.1
0
0 30 60 90

Movement of dislocation
Grain
Boundary
Material subject to two perpendicular stresses

 = 0.5 (x - y) sin 2θ

 1.16 Mechanical failure
• 1.16.1 Measuring strain
• 1.16.2 Measuring stress
• 1.16.3 Why materials exhibit elastic behaviour
• 1.16.4 Toughness
• 1.16.5 Hardness
• 1.16.6 Stresses on oblique planes
• 1.16.7 Failure theories
 The Von Mises criterion
2y2 = (1 - 2)2 + (2 - 3)2 + (3 - 1)2
Where
y is the tensile strength
1, 2, 3 are the principal stresses
1 = 5 3 = 0
15

10

y
5

0
-5 0 5 10 15 20

2