Mrs.

Shendy Acosta
Subject Teacher
•PHILOSOPHIZING
 IS TO THINK OR EXPRESS
ONESELF IN A PHILOSOPHICAL
MANNER
IT CONSIDERS OR DISCUSSES
FROM A PHILOSOPHICAL
STANDPOINT
•TRUTH
LIES AT THE HEART OF ANY INQUIRY. IT IS A
FACT THAT HAS BEEN VERIFIED.

•KNOWLEDGE
IS SIMPLE DATA THAT COMES FROM THE
OUTSIDE THAT PASS TO OUR SENSES. IT
MUST BE TRUTHFUL TO GAIN VALIDITY AND
ACCEPTANCE.
•ARE STATEMENTS ABOUT
THE WORLD OR REALITY
WHICH MAY OR MAY NOT
CARRY TRUTH
•OPINIONS
 ARE COMPRISED OF STATEMENTS
WHICH NOT ONLY GIVE FACTS BUT
ALSO PROVIDE CONCLUSIONS OR
PERSPECTIVES REGARDING CERTAIN
SITUATIONS.
THEY MAY ADVANCE A BELIEF ABOUT
CERTAIN THINGS OR PROVIDE
EXPLANATIONS.
•FACTS
A STATEMENT OF
SOMETHING THAT CAN
BE TESTED AND PROVEN
TO BE TRUE.
• BELIEFS
 ARE STATEMENTS THAT EXPRESS
CONVICTIONS THAT ARE NOT EASILY
AND CLEARLY EXPLAINED BY FACTS.

• EXPLANATIONS
ARE STATEMENTS THAT ASSUME THE
CLAIM TO BE TRUE AND PROVIDE
REASONS WHY STATEMENT IS TRUE.
• ARGUMENTS
ARE SERIES OF STATEMENTS THAT
PROVIDE REASONS TO
CONVINCE THE READER OR
LISTENER THAT CLAIM
OROPINION IS TRUTHFUL.
• BIASES
 ARE THE PERSONAL VIEWS OF THE
PERSON PRESENTING IT.

• EXPLANATIONS
ARE STATEMENTS THAT ASSUME THE
CLAIM TO BE TRUE AND PROVIDE
REASONS WHY STATEMENT IS TRUE.
•1. PHENOMENOLOGY
•2. EXISTENTIALISM
•3. ANALYTIC PHILOSOPHY
•4. LOGIC
•5. CRITICAL THINKING
•6. FALLACY
• COMES FROM THE TWO GREEK
WORDS:
PHAINOMENON – WHICH MEANS
APPEARANCE
LOGOS – WHICH MEANS
REASON/STUDY
ETYMOLOGICALLYY SPEAKING:
- MEANS THE STUDY OF PHENOMENON
•The study of the
development of human
consciousness and
self-awareness as a
preface to or a part
of philosophy.
•.
•EPOCHE
• - ALLOWS
CONSCIOUSNESS OF
OUR EXPERIENCE OF
REALITY OR THINGS
•IS THE IMPORTANCE OF
FREE INDIVIDUAL CHOICE
REGARDLESS OF THE
POWER OF THE PEOPLE TO
INFLUENCE AND COERCE
OUR DESIRES, BELIEFS, AND
DECISIONS.
• Existence Precedes Essence:
- Existentialism gets its
name from an insistence
that life is only
understandable in terms of
an individual’s existence, his
particular life experience.
•Dread: is a feeling of
general
apprehension to make
a commitment to a
personally valid way
of life
• Choice and Commitment:
Humans have freedom
to choose and Each
individual makes
choices that create his
or her own nature
•Absurdity:
- life is absurd and
reason is useless in
dealing with the
depths of human life
•Alienation:
- The development of
science has “separated man
from concrete earthy
existence, and forced him to
live at a high level of
abstraction.
• Encounter with
Nothingness and Death:
- If man is alienated
from nature, God,
neighbors, and self, what
is left?
• Freedom: all of these ideas
either describe some loss of
individuals’ freedom or some
threat to it, and all
existentialists of whatever
sort are considered to
enlarge the range of human
freedom.
•Soren
Kierkegaard
•Friedrich
Nietzsche
•Jean Paul Sartre
• INDUCTIVE REASONING - refers to
reasoning that takes specific
information and makes a broader
generalization that is considered
probable
• DEDUCTIVE REASONING - is a type
of reasoning which goes from general
to specific.
• Appeal to Pity – using emotions such as
pity and sympathy
• Appeal to Ignorance – whatever has not
been proved false must be true and vice
versa
• Equivocation – this is a logical chain of
reasoning of a term or a word several
times but giving the particular word a
different meaning each time
• Appeal to Force – using the threat of
force or an undesirable event to
advance an argument
• Appeal to the People –an argument
that appeals or exploits people’s
vanities, desire for esteem and
anchoring on popularity
• False Cause – assuming a cause and
effect relationship between unrelated
•Division – assuming that
what is true for the whole is
true for its parts
•Against the Person –
attacking the person instead
of the argument itself
• Hasty Generalization – there
are too few instances or
evidences to support such a
conclusion
• Begging the Question –
assuming that thing or idea to be
proven is true