Characteristics of the State

•People started to form villages and social

communities during the Neolithic. But these
villages could no longer sustain the growing
needs of the increasing population, they need to
expand the territory and food sustenance.

•Not only the villages must obtain large

territory, it must also employ the use of
complex bureaucratic divisions in order to
manage the intricate affairs of the growing
social community.
 Characteristics of the State
Vast Geographical Territory

•The state must sustain the increasing need of

people for land that will be used for residential
purposes and resources for food consumption.
 Complex Economic Management

• Because of their size they need to utilize a

kind of strict management when they handle
their natural resources.
 Taxation

• State taxes the citizens and imposes even

higher taxes to those they conquer.
 Social Stratification

• It means that people develop certain kind of

specialties and expertise that were different
from the expertise of other people.
 Architectural Designs

• Architectural design is states exhibit cultural

traditions and these were reflected in their
structural design.
 Historical Records

• It records the history as its everyday

transactions. Laws codified them to become a
concrete and publishable
 EXAMPLES OF EARLY STATES

States in the Middle East

• One of the earliest cities that were formed

was sumer (southern Iraq) of the sumerian
civilization
 African States
• Egyptian Civilization started because of the
great Nile river that ran across Egypt.
• The manufacturing of iron actually started in
sumer but was also discovered by the
Egyptians.
• The use of gold also became a vital role player
in the development of Egyptian civilization.
 Mycenae
• Greek civilization which became very
prominent in the rise of western civilization
started in the city-state Mycenae.
• Mycenae was the center of the city-states in
Greece.
• Center of trade and commerce
• It was protected by a strong citadel that’s
served as fortress
 Zhengzhou
• a metropolis on the Yellow River, is the capital
of east-central China's Henan province. With
history dating to Neolithic times, it's notable
as the ancient Shang dynasty capital, whose
earthen walls still stand in the city center. It's
also home to the pyramid-shaped Henan
Museum, where cultural exhibits from
prehistory and early China include jade and
musical instruments.
 Mesoamerica

• Mesoamerica is a historical region and cultural

area in North America. It extends from
approximately central Mexico through Belize,
Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua,
and northern Costa Rica, and within this
region pre-Columbian societies flourished
before the Spanish colonization of the
Americas.
 THEORIES ON THE ORIGIN OF
CIVILIZATION
• anthropologist and archeologist considered
several theories to explain the rise of different
civilization after agriculture had become
widespread
Urban Revolution
• It was the presence of the different ecological,
social, and technological conditions that brought
the urban revolution that led to the rise of
civilization
 The Prime Mover Theory

• This theory focused on one factor that could

have overshadowed the rest in motivating the
rise of civilization. An example of this theory
was the Hydraulic State Theory devised by Karl
Wittfogel.
 Multiple-Cause Theories

• Robert Adams propose one of the first

multiple-cause system, did not focus on just
one cause or factor that led to the rise of
civilizations. Examples of these factors that
were considered by archeologists were food
surpluses and the need for social stratification.
 Flannery’s process, Complexity, and
Social Control

• Kent Flannery used the multiple-cause theory.

• His concern was the evolution of culture that was

greatly affected by environmental and social
factors.

• He saw the culture as very dynamic and complex

and it encompassed all aspects of human life.
 Conflict and Warfare Theory

• Robert Carnerio
• Rise of civilization was brought about by the
use of forceful means.
 The Decline of the State

• Is a perplexing as studying its rise and origin.

Archeologist had found many ancient ruins of
cities that existed.
 The Concept of the State Today

• The state today is somehow similar to the

ancient state. It is characterized by sicio-
political and socio-economic complexities
heightened by a strict bureaucratic
mechanism that supports the vastness of its
territory and the great number of its inhabitat.
 The Modern Society
• Bureaucracy present
• Food surplus is also present in the ancient and
modern society.
• The difference between old and modern
society can be greatly seen in its technology
and culture.
 Globalization of Cultural Trends
• After the industrial revolution in the 18th and
19th centuries, science had improved. Life
became faster through modern technology.
• At the present, has been greatly affected by
the use of computer and internet.
• There are still countless technological devices
and innovations that are widespread today.