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2.1 Anatomical & Mechanical Structure of Humans
2.1 Anatomical & Mechanical Structure of Humans
2.1 Anatomical & Mechanical Structure of Humans
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Overview
• Body dimensions of people on earth are
estimated.
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Development
• Human species develop and die, grow more,
some vanish while others flourish.
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Modern anthropometry
– a widely applied scientific discipline.
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Standardization of measuring methods
Four customary positions of the subject for measurement of
stature:
1) Standing naturally upright
2) Standing stretched to maximum height
3) Leaning against a wall with the back flattened and
buttocks, shoulders and back of the head touching the wall
4) Lying on one’s back (supine). (opposite is prone)
The difference between measures when the standing subject
either stretches or just stands upright can easily be 2 cm or
more. Lying supine results in the tallest measure. This example
shows that standardization is needed to assure uniform postures
and comparable results.
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Measuring planes in anthropometry
• Transverse plane – cuts a person into top and
bottom segments.
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New measurement techniques
• Photographs
• Stereophotometry
• Holography
• Film
• Video tape
• Projected geometric grid
• Laser
• Computer models of human body
• Facet algorithms
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Variability
• Anthropometric data show considerable
variability from four sources:
1. Measurement variability
2. Intraindividual variability
3. Interindividual variability
4. Secular variations
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1. Measurement variability
• Different care is exercised in
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2. Intraindividual variability
• Size of the same body segment of a given
person changes from youth to age,
depending also on nutrition, physical exercise
and health.
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3. Interindividual variability
• Individuals differ from each other in arm
length, weight , height, and other
measurements.
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4. Secular variations
• People nowadays are larger, on average, than
their ancestors.
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Percentiles serve the
designer in several ways:
1. They help to establish portion of a user population that will
be included in (or excluded from) a specific design solution.
A certain product may need to fit everybody who is taller than
5th percentile or smaller than 95th percentile in a specified
dimension, such as grip size or arm reach. Thus, only the 5
percent having values smaller than 5th percentile and the 5th
percent having values larger than 95th percentile, will not be
fitted. The central 90 percent of all users will be
accommodated.
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Percentiles serve the
designer in several ways:
3. Any body dimension, design value, or score of a subject can
be exactly located.
A certain foot length can be described as a given percentile
value of that dimension, or at certain seated height can be
described as fitting a certain percentile value of popliteal
height (a measure of lower leg length), or a test score can be
described as being a certain percentile value.
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Human Biomechanics
• Skeletal System
– Artificial joints
– The spinal column
• Muscle System
– Architecture of muscle
– The motor unit
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Human Biomechanics
• Biomechanical Description Of The Body
– Body kinetics
– Human motion
– Human strength
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