UNDERSTANDING

HYPOTHESIS TESTING
Objectives:
 Understand the idea behind hypothesis testing;
 Define and formulate statistical hypothesis;
 Distinguish null hypothesis from alternative
hypothesis;
 Determine whether a hypothesis test is non-
directional or directional
 Determine whether a directional test is left-tailed
or right-tailed; and
 Sketch the graph of a mathematical model for
testing hypothesis.
Definition:

HYPOTHESIS is a statement regarding an outlook about

certain qualitative or quantitative conditions of a particular
area of interest.

Hypothesis testing is a decision-making process for

evaluating claims about a population based on the
characteristics of a sample purportedly coming from the
population. The decision is whether the characteristic is
acceptable or not.
How does it differ from estimation?

Estimation is concerned with determining specific parameter

values, while testing hypotheses is hypothesizing about the
population parameter and subjecting this hypothesis to a
test

How do we do it?

We get a random sample from a population, collect data

from the sample, and use this sample data to make a
decision as to whether the hypothesis is acceptable or not.
Two Types of Hypotheses
NULL HYPOTHESIS 𝑯𝒐 is a statement saying
that there is no significant difference
between population parameter and the value
that is being claimed. It is the hypothesis to
be tested.
ALTERNATIVE HYPOTHESIS 𝑯𝒂 is a statement
saying that there is a significant difference
between the population parameter and the
value that is being claimed. This is a
statement that will be true once the null
hypothesis is rejected.
Forms of Hypotheses
1. STATEMENT FORM or textual method of
formulating the hypothesis
2. MATHEMATICAL FORM where the
relationship is expressed using equality and
directional inequality such as greater than
(>), less than (<), or not equal to (≠).
In testing hypothesis, several cases will have to be
considered. These are:
1. Hypotheses for single population
2. Hypotheses for two population
3. Hypotheses for multiple population
4. Hypotheses for difference is frequencies
 Examples:
State the null and alternative hypotheses in
words and in symbols.
1. A restaurant owner wanted to know if
there is a relationship between gender and
food preference.

2. The owner of a factory that sells a

particular bottled fruit juice claims that the
average capacity of their product is 250 ml.
3. Suppose the date in a report shows that,
for the past five years, the average age of
grade 6 pupils is 12 years old.

4. A teacher wants to know if listening to

popular music affects the performance of
pupils.

5. A farmer believes that using organic

fertilizers on his plants will yield greater
income. His average income from the past
was Php 200,000 per year.
Formulate the null and alternative hypotheses for the following.
1. The school principal surveyed 150 teachers to find out if the
salary significantly increased over the past 10 years.
2. A school owner wants to find out if male students perform better
in Mathematics compared to female.
3. The president of a university wants to find out if there is enough
evidence on the claim of the Dean of the College of Fine Arts that
85% of the students finish their degree in 4 years.
4. An economist wants to find out if there is difference in the
monthly expenses of families from Makati and Quezon City.
5. The scholarship committee head wants to determine if the Grade
Point Average (GPA) of the scholars decreases during their last
year in college.
 Types of Errors
Error in Type Probability Correct Type Probability
Decision Decision
Reject a true I 𝛼 Accept a true A 1-𝛼
𝐻𝑜 𝐻𝑜
Accept a II 𝛽 Reject a false B 1-𝛽
false 𝐻𝑜 𝐻𝑜

Examples:
1. Maria insists that she is 30 years old when, in fact, she is
32 years old. What error is Maria committing?
2. A man plans to go hunting the Philippine monkey-eating
eagle believing that it is a proof of his mettle. What type
of error is this?