The oldest musical instrument in the world is the

drum, which was originally made in one of three

ways. Frame drums were made by stretching skin
over bowl-shaped frames. Rattle drums were made
by filling gourds or skins with dried grains, shells or
rocks. Tubular drums were made from hollowed logs
or bones covered with skins. Both frame and tubular
drums were struck with the hand or with beaters to
produce sounds.
In contrast, rattle drums were shaken or scraped
to make rhythmic sounds. For thousands of years,
drums have been used to transmit messages to call
soldiers to battle and to make music.
Linear and Non Linear Text
 Linear Text
• Comes from the Latin word“line”
• The reading texts are presented within the
straight lines of paragraphs and pages from
beginning to end.
• Readers are expected to read material in the
order in which it appears on the page
Examples of Linear Texts
• Books
• Magazines
• Newspapers
• Articles
 Non Linear Text
• Graphical
• Reading texts are not presented within long
straight lines
• Not in fixed sequence
• Differ from reading to reading because of the
shape, structure, or mechanism of the text
Examples of Non Linear Texts
• Charts/Graphs
• Tables
• Infographics
 Pie Chart
• Visual impression of parts of a whole, where
the segments total 100 percent
 Bar Graph
• Visual impression of discrete quantities,
effective in representing comparisons and
contrasts
 Tables
• Organize data into rows and columns to
simplify groups of related numbers
 Infographic
• A collection of imagery, charts and minimal
text that gives an easy-to-understand
overview of a topic
 How to interpret Non Linear Text
• Read the title/label
• Pay attention to every information provided
(title, labels, notes)
• Understand the scales of measurement used
• Pay attention to the trends (increase/
decrease/ stable) shown
• Make general conclusion
 Read and analyze the
paragraph. Summarize the
important information using a
non linear text.
The graph shows the results of a survey in
which people aged 16 and over were
asked about their preferred devices for
accessing the internet. The question
referred to going online at home and in
other places. Participants mentioned four
main devices in their answers: a
smartphone, a laptop, a tablet and a
desktop computer
From the pie chart it is clear that the
majority of participants prefer to use
smartphones and laptops, with just
three per cent difference between the
two. Nearly a third of participants prefer
to go online with a smartphone. Thirty
per cent like to use a laptop. A desktop
computer accounts for fourteen per
cent of users’ preferred devices. Only a
small minority prefer a device other
than these main four.
In conclusion, since mobile and portable
devices are the most popular choices, it
is clear that many participants are
accessing the internet outside their
homes. The desktop computer is the
least popular of the four main devices.
In future, we can probably expect to see
more and more people accessing the
internet with smartphones as their
preferred choice.
From the topics given, make
your own infographic.
• The Health Benefits of Taking Time Off
• How to Leave Your Worries Behind
• Effective Study Habits
• Top 5 Fast Food Chain in the Country
• Current Social Issues in the Philippines