PROFESSIONAL

PRACTICE
WHO IS AN ARCHITECT?
 Skill in the art of designing buildings to
meet his clients needs

 Adequate knowledge to originate, to

design and plan and to arrange for and to
supervise construction of buildings
DUTIES….
 Preparation of contract documents
 Acceptance of estimates
 Selection of specialist contractors
 Inspection of works
 Solutions to problems encountered during
the execution of work
 Rejecting defective works
 Issue of certificates under the contract
 Resolution of disputes between the owner
and contractor
PROFESSION & OCCUPATION
Difference….

Profession

 Qualification required
 Prolonged period of study and practice
 Membership of a professional association
 Social responsibility
 Money is incidental-not the primary
purpose
Architectural practice

 Starting his own firm

 Buying out a practice from others
 Joining some firm and rising through
ranks to become a partner
Small practice….

 Prepare sketch scheme, final scheme,

prepare working drawings, estimates, call
tenders, select a contractor, obtain
municipal sanction ,supervise
construction, oversee its completion
Big practice….

 10-15 architects-into teams with a team

leader
 Fixed salary
 Performance bonus
Consultant concept….
 Some offices allow the consultants to use office
spaces partially
 Some of the works are outsourced to either
experienced ex-employees or outsiders who may work
on project basis and are not employees of the firm.
 Office can access the experience of the consultant
while the consultant has greatest freedom.
 Such consultants will be expensive and therefore
accommodated within the office as per necessity.
 Types of architectural organizations and office layout

 Single proprietorship

 Easiest and simplest mode of architectural company.

 The architect as principal does everything from
bringing projects to the firm ;execution ; project
completion ; issuing certificates and ensuring
registration.
 There will be assistants who act under his orders.
 Suitable for small and medium projects.
 Depends heavily on efficiency of team.
 Moreover, this type of firm can employ associates.
 They are involved in decision making and share
profits of the firm.
 Partnership firm

 Generally comprising of two partners or more.

 An agreement has to be prepared stating the duties,
responsibilities, sharing of profits and losses,
liabilities and options along with procedure for one or
more partners to leave partnership.
 It is more advantageous than single proprietorship.
 Can handle bigger projects, therefore better capital.
 Partners can be from same or different professional
background.
 Proper coordination is required as miscommunication
can lead to heavy losses and work can get slow.
 Limited Company

 This office is of the type of joint stock company as

under company law.
 It consists of a panel/board of directors.
 A bigger version of partnership company.
 More defined structure with large and diversified
profile/range.
 Young architects start low and attain higher positions.
 Individual responsibility less. Hence making it
beauracratic.
 Incentives are required to bring in active involvement
in design.
 Large scale Consulting company

 Take up turn key projects providing all types of services.

 They can raise capital from public also.
 They operate globally.
 They have good accessibility to latest technology and human
resources.
 Projects include townships, high rise , recreation complexes,
etc
 Young architects are ensured high pay package, and
challenging works.
 In most cases, this sort of company is indifferent to individual
personality and creativity.
 Very large offices

 High corporate status and focus on separate

specializations.
 On areas such as city planning, urban design,
landscape, project managemnet, etc.
 They take up outside works as well.there will be
parent company along with its subsidiaries.
 The reach of these complexes are trans national
as their expertise can tackle complex problems
needing heavy capital investment and multiple
skills on horizontal and vertical hierarchies.
ARCHITECT’S ACT 1972
ARCHITECT’S ACT 1972
 Came into force on 1st September , 1972
Objectives
 To prepare a register of qualified
architects to safeguard the interest of
common man
 To regulate the profession-evoked code of
ethics and lay down minimum standards
of architectural education in India
ARCHITECT’S ACT 1972
MAIN FEATURES
 A corporate body -COA-created
 Has powers for registration of architects
 Enrolls persons holding degrees
 Holds enquiries and actions –for
misconducts of architects
 Prescribes minimum standards of
education and training of architects in
India
ARCHITECT’S ACT 1972
CHAPTERS….

 Chapter 1: definitions
 Chapter 2: about COA
 Chapter 3: about registration
 Chapter 4: all court matters
 Schedule: contains recognized Indian
degrees and diplomas in Architecture and
some recognized qualification in other
countries
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
MEMBERS….
a. five architects possessing recognized
qualifications elected by the Indian
Institute of Architects
b. two persons nominated by the All India
Council for Technical Education
c. five persons elected by heads of
architectural institutions in India imparting
full-time instruction for recognized
qualifications
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
d. the Chief Architects in the Ministries of the
Central Government and head of the
Architectural Organization in the Central
Public Works Department
e. one person nominated by the Central
Government
f. an architect from each State nominated by
state Government
g. two persons nominated by the Institution of
Engineers (India) and
h. one person nominated by the Institution of
Surveyors of India
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE
Duties & Functions of various committees of COA
 Executive committee: Headed by president-has
a vice president and 5 members elected by the
council
Tenure :3 years
Functions:
 Formulate the budget
 Enrollment of persons holding recognised
qualifications.
 Carry out specific directives of the council
 Take action on reports of various committees
 Assist the president in laying down the policy
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE

 Disciplinary committee:consists of 3
members
Headed by either president or vice
president-assisted by 2 more members
Tenure:3 years
Functions:
 Conduct hearings in all cases of
unprofessional conduct and report its
findings and recommendations to the
council
COUNCIL OF ARCHITECTURE

Appeals committee: consists of 2 or 3

members-headed by vice president

Functions:
 Considers appeals made by aggrieved
persons whose applications for
registration have been rejected by the
registrar
ARCHITECT’S REGULATIONS
Architect’s Regulations....
 For the guidance of Architects
 Lay down a general standard for profession
 Architects has a general obligation to his
clients ,the public, and to other professionals
 He must not take part in architectural
competition which is not as per the guidelines
by the council nor as a jury
 He is expected to uphold the scale of fees
laid down by the council
 CONDITION OF ENGAGEMENTS
 The IIA has adopted the following conditions of engagement and scale of
professional charges to maintain the highest standards of practise and conduct.
 Responsibilities
 Study the clients needs and to advise,direct and to coordinate design
and to supervise works executed under a building contract.
 The selection of contractor shall be done with architects discretion in
agreement with client.
 The architect can also nominate the sub contractors in agreement
with client.
 Decisions taken by the architect with respect to various stages in
design,material changes,etc should be informed to the client.
 Frequent inspection if required, then a Clerk of Works will be
employed.
 Remuneration
 It is the duty of the architect to uphold and apply the scale of
professional charges adopted by the IIA.
 The scale of charges show percentage under two columns . The
percentage under the first column does not provide remuneration
for work performed by the Civil,Structural,Mechanical,etc or for
any other work performed by consultants. The percentage under
second column becomes applicable when all such services are
provided by the Architects own staff.
 Liability
 The architect is liable if he fails to exercise all skill, care and diligence in the
discharge of his duties, but the aforesaid liability is limited as stated :
 The liability of the architect does not cover costs other than those for the
reinstatement of the works.
 The liability expires after 2 years from the date of completion of relevant part
of work.
 The architect does not guarantee the work of any contractor.
 Termination of engagement
 An engagement between the architect and the client can be terminated at any
time by either party on expiry of reasonable notice( normally 3 months)
 Copyright
 Copyright in all drawings and in the work executed will remain the property of
the architect.
 Successors and Assignments
 The client and the architect each binds himself, his partners,successors,etc to
the agreement made between them .
 Arbitration
 When any differences or dispute arise such that both the client and architect
cannot come to a common justifiable solution , then it shall be referred to the
arbitration of a person to be agreed upon between two parties.
Standard scale of remuneration for
Architectural services
No: Type of Project Minimum fees as percent
of tendered cost

1 URBAN DESIGN 1

2 SITE DEVELOPMENT 2.5

3 ALL OTHER BUILDINGS PROJECTS 5

4 ADDITIONS AND ALTERATIONS INCLUDING 7.5

RELATED INTERIORS INDIVIDUAL HOUSES

5 INTERIORS 10

6 VERIFICATIONS AND CERTIFICATION OF 1% IN ADDITION TO

CONTRACTOR’S BILLS AND MONITORING THE ABOVE FEES
PERFORMANCE OF THE CONTRACTOR

7 VISITS FOR OUTSTATION ACTUAL AIR /A/C FIRST

CLASS FARE, ACTUAL
BOARDING , LOCAL
TRAVEL AS PER ACTUALS

AS ABOVE PLUS Rs.500

PER DIEM

8 PRESENTATION MODELS AND PRESENTATION ACTUAL COST

DRAWINGS
Mode of payment
 Preliminary stage
Stage 1 15% of the total fees payable
On submitting conceptual
designs and preliminary
estimate
Stage 2 25% of the total fees payable less
On submitting the final payments already made
preliminary drawings /designs and
study model along with the
modified estimate of cost

Stage 3 35% of the total fees payable less

On submitting preliminary payments already made
drawings for obtaining approval
from statuary bodies
Mode of payment
 Working drawing stage
Stage 4 55% of the total fees payable
During preparation of basic less payments already made
working drawings and details
sufficient for preparing item wise
estimate of costs

Stage 5 70% of the total fees payable less

On submitting detailed specifications, payments already made
bill of quantities, detailed
architectural working drawings,
structural and services designs
together with estimates of costs
sufficient to invite tenders

Stage 6 80% of the total fees payable less

On submission of complete set of payments already made
drawings and details sufficient for the
work to commence at site
Mode of payment
 Construction stage
Stage 7
During the course of
construction of work at site
Stage 8
On completion of the work
Further 20% to be paid in
installments consistent with
the value of work from time to
time.
The Architect shall be paid the
entire 20% of the fees in the
event of the work not being
completed within twelve
months of the date of
stipulated period of completion
of work
Balance payment making the total
equivalent to 100% of the fees
payable
ARCHITECTURAL COMPETITION
 Avenue to exhibit or encourage talents
 Both the client and architect equally
benefited
Architect
 gives valuable opportunities to show their
merit and to get recognition in the
profession
 Successful participants may be
commissioned for the work
Clients
 He gets the best designs and services of
the best architects for the work
 Guidelines framed by COA- BASED ON
Architectural Competition rules formed by
International Union Of Architects on behalf
of UNESCO
 Registered architect must not take part in
architectural competition which is not as
per the guidelines by the council nor as a
jury
TYPE OF WORKS….

 For major works

 For works involving a challenge in the
solution of a problem
PURPOSE….
 Provide choice to a client:

 Projects of high standard with a variety of

approaches
 To select a particular idea and concept which
satisfy his requirements

 To explore the hidden talents among

young architects
 To safeguard interest of both client and
architect
 To get entries from professionally qualified
and reputed architects
GUIDELINES….
I. Eligibility to compete: architects registered
with COA
II. Firms in which at least one partner/director
is a registered architect
III. Students of a teaching institution , the
qualifying examination of which is
recognized by the council
IV. Client, assessors, their associates or
employees are not allowed to act as
architects or joint architects
Types….
 Project competition:
To find best solution and appoint author
as Architect

 Competition of ideas:
To find ideas and concepts, may not be
commissioned to carry out the project

 A combination of both:
Adopted under certain circumstance
Classifications….
 Open competitions:
All eligible architects are invited to participate
through an advertisement

 Limited competitions:
Reputed architects are selected by the client
on the advice of board of assessors.
Honorarium is paid to such architects.
Classifications….

 Special competitions:
For projects involving town planning and
design problems. Participation of
developers may be necessary. Participation
is limited to professionals .
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECT’S
INDIAN INSTITUTE OF ARCHITECT’S

 Formed in 1917 as Bombay Architectural

Students Association In Mumbai.
 In 1929 converted to IIA
OBJECTIVES….

 To organize and unite Architects in India

 To promote architectural profession
 To encourage architectural education
 To prescribes syllabus and conduct
examinations
 To make necessary changes in laws
relating to architectural practice
OBJECTIVES….

 To organize conferences, seminars,

lectures etc and to award medals,
certificates, prizes etc
 To promote other bodies such as SSA
 To promote improvement of living
standards and to make awareness among
the public about the profession.
MEMBERSHIP….

Six classes of membership:

a. Honorary fellow member

b. Fellow member
c. Associate member
d. Licentiate member
e. Retired member
 IIA MEMBERS

Honorary fellow member:

 Not a qualified architect but has

contributed to the growth of architectural
profession
 Administrators, writers, designers or
persons connected with architectural
institution
 IIA MEMBERS
Fellow member

 An associate member who has attained

the age of 36
 Practiced independently or served in a
senior and responsible capacity in
architectural office
 Made a significant contribution to
profession
 Can help and advice junior members of
IIA in conducting their practice
 Can use the suffix FIIA
 IIA MEMBER
Associate member:

 Person who has attained the age of 21

and graduated from one of the
institution recognized by IIA or
registered with COA
 Those who pass IIA exams
 An Associate member after 7 years of
independent practice or 10 years service
in a responsible position can apply for
Fellow membership
 Can use suffix AIIA
 IIA MEMBER
Licentiate member:

 Any person registered with COA

 Has all the privileges of an Associate
member except he is not eligible to vote
on matters relating to change in IIA
constitution and bye laws
 Serving for 7 years , can apply for
Associate membership
 Can use suffix LIIA
 IIA MEMBER
Student member:

 Student enrolled in any one of the

architectural institution whether recognized by
IIA or not can on application become a
Student member
 Has limited privileges of attending
conferences, seminars, lectures etc
 Not able to attend general body meeting or
participate in any elections conducted by IIA
 IIA MEMBER
Student member:

 Have access to Sohrab Bharoocha library

of IIA
 Can Seek assistance of IIA In His
Academic Problems and for seeking
placement as trainee in an architect’s
office
 For student members IIA organizes
special lectures , training programs and
co-curricular activities
 Cant use any suffix
 IIA MEMBER
Retired member:

 Any fellow member, licentiate member or

associate member after attaining age of
55 and on completely retiring from
services / professions can apply for this.
 Enjoy all the privileges enjoyed by full
fledged member
 Not eligible to seek election to any IIA
post or vote in such elections
 Can use the suffix MIIA
 Registration for membership

 Application form
 Available in head office of IIA or office of
chapters and centers on payment of
prescribed fee and annual membership
subscription
 Documentary proofs of qualification and
registration with COA
Registration for membership

 Necessary for the applicant to make a

declaration stating that he will abide by
IIA’s constitution and byelaws
 Every application endorsed by 3 members
of IIA
 After receiving the application at the IIA
head office in Mumbai ,the names of
applicants are published in IIA newsletter
for the information of members
 Registration for membership

 Application are duly scrutinized and then

placed before IIA council for election
 IIA has power to accept or reject without
any reason
 Upon election, member is given a
membership certificate which is displayed
in members office
 Registration for membership

 Membership certificate is IIA’s property

and must be returned to IIA on retirement
or registration
 Any arrears architect will be removed
from membership
 On payment of arrears and entrance fees
he may be reinstate
Registration for membership

 Member found guilty by COA and whose

name is struck out from the council’s
register can be removed by IIA council-
without any enquiry
 He has given opportunity to represent
his case before action is taken