CHAPTER 1: IDENTITY,

CULTURE, AND
SOCIETY
•IDENTITY –DISTINCTIVE CHARACTERISTICS THAT
DEFINES AN INDIVIDUAL OR IS SHARED BY THOSE
BELONGING TO A PARTICULAR GROUP. - CAN BE
INFLUENCED BY SEXUAL ORIENTATION, GENDER, OR
NATIONALITY - CAN BE CHANGED OVER THE COURSE OF
A PERSON‟S LIFETIME
•CULTURE (SOCIETY’S WAY OF LIFE)- IT ALLOWS
PEOPLE TO UNDERSTAND THEMSELVES IN
RELATION TO OTHERS AND PROVIDES THEM LENS
THROUGH WHICH THEY BASE WHAT IS
CONSIDERED THE “RIGHT WAY” OF DOING THINGS
•SOCIETY –A GROUP OF PEOPLE LIVING
IN A COMMUNITY - WEB OF SOCIAL
RELATIONSHIP, WHICH IS ALWAYS
CHANGING (MACLVER AND PAGE)
• SOCIAL, CULTURAL, AND POLITICAL CHANGE
SUFFRAGE –RIGHT TO VOTE
• ANTHROPOLOGY, SOCIOLOGY, AND POLITICAL SCIENCE
SOCIAL SCIENCES –THE DISCIPLINES UNDER WHICH IDENTITY, CULTURE,
SOCIETY, AND POLITICS ARE STUDIES COLLECTIVELY

ANTHROPOLOGY –SYSTEMATIC STUDY OF THE BIOLOGICAL, CULTURAL,

AND SOCIAL ASPECTS OF MEN. - FROM ANTHROPOS –MAN AND LOGOS –STUDY -
ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF MAN; HUMANISTIC STUDY OF SPECIES
• SOCIAL ANTHROPOLOGY –STUDIES HOW SOCIAL PATTERNS AND PRACTICES AND
CULTURAL VARIATION DEVELOP ACROSS DIFFERENT SOCIETIES.
• CULTURAL ANTHROPOLOGY –STUDIES CULTURAL VARIATIONS ACROSS SOCIETIES
AND EXAMINES THE NEED TO UNDERSTAND EACH CULTURE IN ITS OWN CONTEXT.
• LINGUISTIC ANTHROPOLOGY –STUDIES LANGUAGE AND DISCOURSE AND HOW
THEY REFLECT AND SHAPE DIFFERENT ASPECTS OF HUMAN SOCIETY AND CULTURE.
• BIOLOGICAL OR PHYSICAL ANTHROPOLOGY –STUDIES THE ORIGINS OF HUMANS AS
WELL AS THE INTERPLAY BETWEEN SOCIAL FACTORS AND THE PROCESSES OF
HUMAN EVOLUTION, ADAPTATION, AND VARIATION OVERTIME.
• ARCHAEOLOGY –DEALS WITH PREHISTORIC SOCIETIES BY STUDYING THEIR TOOLS AND ENVIRONMENT
ANTHROPOLOGISTS: 1. FRANZ BOAS
2. ALFRED KOEBER
3. CLIFFORD GEEITS
4. MARGARET MEAD
RACE –PHYSICAL AND BIOLOGICAL CHARACTERISTICS
ETHNIC GROUP –CULTURAL FACTORS
SOCIOLOGY –THE STUDY OF HUMAN SOCIAL LIFE, GROUPS, AND SOCIETY (ANTHONY GIDDENS) - SCIENTIFIC STUDY OF
HUMAN INTERACTION AND THE PRODUCTS OF SUCH INTERACTION - SOCIAL ACTION (MAX WEBER)
SOCIOLOGISTS: 1. HERBERT SPENCER
2. EMILE DURKHEIM
3. KARL MARX
4. MAX WEBER
5. AUGUST COMTE