UNDERSTANDING

THE STRUCTURE OF
UNIVERSE
 LAYOUT

Observable: 10-24 r of L-E neutrinos

Observable universe: 1027 [93 bn ly] Plank’s scale : 10-35 [planks length]
SCALES
MACROSCOPIC MICROSCOPIC

GEOCENTRISM ATOMS
HELIOCENTRISM ATOMIC STRUCTURE
NEWTON FUNDAMENTAL PARTICLES
EINSTEIN
QUANTUM MECHANICS
General Relativity
PHOTONS
GUT [Grand Unification Theory]
W/Z BOSONS
~Standard Model
TOE [Theory Of Everything] GLUONS

GRAVITONS

CANDIDATES

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bjvfl8unkuk
Source: Wikipedia [Image]
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EARLY VIEW

• Geocentric Model [Ptolemy System – 6th BC, Detailed – 2nd AD] of the Universe

• Cannot explain elliptical orbit [As observed by Galileo in 1610]

Source: Google Images

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GALILEO GALILEI

• Light bending property of Glass

• [Dutch Spy Glass: Combination of lenses in very specific arrangement]
• 1609 : Galileo, in Venice made his own telescope with 8X Magnification

• Reaches back home and built a more powerful telescope that can help us observe the
Heavens [Considered exclusive only to Gods]
• 1610 : Book [Latin: Sidereus Nuncius, English: Starry messenger], after making
observations of the night sky using his own telescope

• Final Chapter: 4 stars forming straight line near the planet Jupiter and their trajectories
• They weren’t stars, these were moons of Jupiter, orbiting Jupiter
• Far from being the center of universe, the Earth was just another planet.
• First to glimpse the true nature of Cosmos, and our place within it.

English Translated :
[http://ekladata.com/5onuozyw3HrLazSyC
Working of Galilean Telescope: [https://etc.usf.edu/clipart/20100/20122/galtelescope_20122.htm] aF_aohQNlA/Siderius-Nuncius-Eng.pdf]
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KEPLER

• Proposed Heliocentric Model [Copernicus – 16th century, still Circular orbit],

confirmed by observation made by Galileo

• Developed laws of Planetary motion [Transit of Venus, Elliptical orbit]

Source: Google Images

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NEWTON

• 1687: Philosophie Naturalis Principia Mathematica [Mathematical Principles of

Natural Philosophy: Foundation of Classical Mechanics]

• Laws of Motion and Universal gravitation [The same law is applicable to apple falling
here on Earth and the Earth orbiting the Sun].

• It was first of the 4 fundamental forces that was approached/understood scientifically.

• Why it is working – Answered by Newton;
• How is it working – Answered by Einstein;
• What it is – Still debatable

• Frame dependent

• Only for phenomena not involving extreme conditions [Daily life phenomena], hence
cannot explain the mechanics at planetary, galaxy scale.

Source: Google Images

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EINSTEIN

• Physical laws that are valid for all co-ordinate

system [Not frame dependent]

• Science of Relativity: Regardless of the frame

of reference chosen, the mathematical
calculation should give agreeable results, even
in extreme conditions: Special Relativity

• Speed limit of gravitational force ? Direct in

conflict with Newtonian Mechanics
[Instantaneous]

• Space-time as not independent parameter, but

act in unison to create a fabric that can explain
the phenomena of gravity: General Relativity

• General Relativity predicted the universe is

either expanding or contracting [Cosmological
Source: Google Images
constant. Later removed: ‘Biggest blunder’]
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HUBBLE

• Discovered world beyond our Milky Way

• Recessional velocity of galaxy [Hubble’s Law]

• Redshift: Expanding universe, Can’t be explained by existing theories.

• By tracing it back: Everything was at one place
• Age of universe
• Expansion Rate
• Inflation
• Big Bang Theory [What actually happened at this phase: Debatable]

• Introduction of Dark Energy [Opposite to attracting force of Gravity]

• Big Bang: Mechanics at very high energy scales [as everything was Source: Google Images
compacted in very very very…..small volume]
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ROBERT HOOKE

• Early 17th century, built microscope [London] based

on the similar principles on which telescope works

• 1665: Book [Micrographia], shows his work and

discoveries

• Revealed a new, total alien world that had not been

imagined

• Open fields such as micro-biology, quantum physics

and nanotechnology, etc.

Robert Hooke’s own illustration of his compound microscope

[https://www.famousscientists.org/robert-hooke/]
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RUTHERFORD AND OTHER ATOMIC MODEL

• Atoms comes in 92 different flavor, called Elements

.
• One of them was Radium, discovered in 1898 by Madam Curie. It defies all the
then known laws of Science. It pumps out invisible yet powerful rays of energy

• Ernest Rutherford, in 1919, accidently discovered nuclear fission, when he

observed breaking down of N into O and H

• Size of atoms was discovered and defined atomic structure

• Subatomic world, pictured atom as tiny solar system with nucleus at center and
electron revolving around it.

• 92 types of atom was made up these elementary particles.

• The weights of consecutive elements were not in agreement with Rutherford model

• Chadwick, then discovered neutron.

• 1932: Every atom is made up of these 3 fundamental particles [Electron, Proton

Source: Google Images
and Neutron]
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PARTICLE ZOO & STANDARD MODEL

• 1960s: Atomic smasher produced number of sub-atomic particles

• Thought to be distinct elementary particles, until the discovery of Quarks

• Bohr: Quantum Mechanics [Nature of reality at sub-atomic scale]

• Schrodinger: Wave particle duality [Not at relativistic scale]

• Dirac: Wave Equation [At relativistic scales]

• Standard Model: Currently, the most accepted theory as it can explain most
of our current observations [At lower energies]
• Gravity is not included
• Gravity is so much weaker
• Abundance of matter only [Matter-Antimatter asymmetry]
• Describe only visible matter [Dark matter and Dark Energy]
• Can’t explain singularity [Black Hole] and Higher energy physics
[During Big Bang]

Source: Google Images

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BEYOND STANDARD MODEL Schrodinger’s wave equation
[Treating particles as wave]
• Quantum Field theory: Framework combining Classical mechanics, Special relativity
[excluding Gravity] and Quantum mechanics Einstein Special
Relativity
• Fundamental particles replaced by excitation in quantum fields
Dirac’s Equation

Quantum Field
Theory

Source: Google Images

 CANDIDATES
String Theory [and Versions] E8 Theory

Source: Google Images

Loop Quantum Gravity