SOLID WASTE

ENGINEERING

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1. List the types of wastes generated by human
activities in our country.

2. What is solid waste base on your

understanding and what is the fate of solid
waste?

3. In your opinion, what is leachate and the

contributing factor of leachate generation.
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Evolution of Solid Waste
Management
 Wastes arising from human activities and are normally
solid as opposed to liquid or gaseous and are discarded as
useless or unwanted.
 Focused on urban waste (MSW) as opposed to
agricultural, mining and industrial wastes.

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 Integrated solid waste management refers to the
strategic approach to sustainable management of
solid wastes covering all sources and all aspects,
covering generation, segregation, transfer, sorting,
treatment, recovery and disposal in an integrated
manner, with an emphasis on maximizing resource
use efficiency. (International Environnemental Technology Centre
(IETC)

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 The best way to reduce solid wastes is not to create them
in the first place.
 Others methods include: decrease consumption of raw
material and increase the rate of recovery of waste
materials.
 Figure 1-1 shows the flow of materials and solid waste
generation.

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 Raw Material Residual debris

Residual waste
Manufacturing material

Processing
and Secondary
Recovery Manufacturing

Consumer

Raw materials, products and

recovered materials

Final Disposal Waste materials

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 Increased use of packaging system such as plastics
 Fast or pre-prepared and frozen foods
 Change in life-style – modern standard of living & advance
in technology; one-time usage
 Create a constantly increasing parameter in solid waste
generation.

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Substitute raw material to
non toxic material

Glass bottles and high end

plastic

Producing a lower grade

product

Produce electricity

Final discharge to landfill area

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 First Priority Second Priority last Priority

Primary Pollution & Waste Prevention Secondary Pollution & Waste Waste Management
Prevention
 Change industrial process to  Change industrial process to
eliminate use of harmful chemicals  Reuse eliminate use of harmful
 Use less of harm product  Repair chemicals
 Reduce packaging and materials in  Recycle  Use less of harm product
products  Compost  Reduce packaging and materials
 Make products that last longer and  Buy reusable and recyclable in products
are recyclable, reusable or easy to products  Make products that last longer
repair and are recyclable, reusable or
easy to repair

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 materials are
identified as being Generation
no longer value
Storage
management of wastes until
they are put into a container
gathering of solid wastes
and recyclable materials
and the transport of
these materials where
the collection vehicle is
emptied
landfilling with or
Disposal without attempting
to recover resources
The Transfer &
Transport
Control
Of small trucks to the biggest
trucks allowable
Separation at source
Physical processes- shredding
Collection Processing and screening, removal of
bulky material,
Chemical & biological
processes- incineration and
composting
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 Waste Generation

Waste handling, separation,

storage and processing at the
source

Collection

Separation,
Transfer
processing &
&
transformation of
Transport
solid waste

Disposal

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 Final disposal at the turn of the
century included:
- dumping on land
- dumping in water
- feeding to hogs
- incineration

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 Is in a manner that is in accord with:
- public health
- economics
- engineering
- conservation
- aesthetics
- public attitudes

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 Adopted by US Environmental Protection
Agency (EPA)
 Used to rank actions to implement programs
within community
 Composed of FOUR main element

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 Source reduction
 Reuse/Recycling
 Waste
Transformation
 Landfilling

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 most useful;
 may involve:
 design of packaging with minimum toxic
content
 minimum volume
 a longer useful life

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 separation and collection of waste materials,
 preparation of theses materials for reuse,
reprocessing and remanufacture
 reuse, reprocessing and remanufacture; help
reduce resources and amount of waste requiring
by landfilling

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 involves physical, chemical & biological
alteration of the waste to:
 improve efficiency of solid waste management
 recover reusable material, glass
 recover conversion products, compost

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 material that:
 cannot be recycles
 has no further use
 residual matter attendant to another process,
ash left over after combustion

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 Factors affecting generation rates
 Source Reduction
 Geographic Location
 Season
 Frequency of collection
 Legislation
 Public attitudes
 Per capita income
 Household size 23
 Reduce material use at early stage
 Bulk mail/goods, packaging, durable goods
 Reusable products (decrease single use),
 Life style changes

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(a) Decrease unnecessary or excessive packing
(b) Develop products with greater durability and
reparability
(c) Substitute reusable products for disposable, single-use
products
(d) Use fewer resources
(e) Increased the recycled materials content of products
(f) Develop rate structures that encourage generators to
produce less waste.

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 Climate influence the waste generation
 Rural areas produce less than industrial or
urban areas (compost, recycle)
 Moisture content varies

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 Season of the year for example fruits
season, affects the generation of solid
waste, where quantities of food
increase.
 Festive season has also a great impact
on solid waste generation.

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▪ Unlimited collection increases amount of
waste, tendency to discard more rubbish

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 Lower income areas produce less total waste with
higher food content
 Large yards, more yard waste, but a less dense
community

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 The planning and engineering of solid waste
management units include:
 Social
 Political
 Technical factors

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 Setting workable but protective
regulatory standards
 Improving scientific methods for
interpretation of data

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 Identification of hazardous and toxic
consumer products requiring special waste
management units
 Paying for improved waste management
units
 Designating land disposal near urban centers

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1. Changing consumption
habits in society – reduce
consumption habits
2. Reducing the volume of
waste at the source-
materials used at home,
office, institutions, factory

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3. Making landfills safer- less
toxic, improve on design
4. Development of new
technologies: that are cost-
effective

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 Environmental legislation has become increasingly
restrictive as it is closely related and has direct
impact on public health.
 There are several parts in Environmental Quality
Act 1974 involving solid waste but mainly
highlighting on schedule waste.

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 Environmental Quality (Prescribed Activities)
(EIA) Order 1987
 Environmental Quality (Schedule Wastes)
Regulations 1989

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 Environmental Quality (Prescribed
Premises) (Schedule Waste Treatment and
Disposal Facilities) Order 1989
 Environmental Quality (Prescribed
Premises) (Schedule Waste Treatment and
Disposal Facilities) Regulations 1989

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 Chapter 1
Evolution of Solid Waste Management
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Collection Truck

Transfer Station

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