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Phonological Rules of
Consonants and Vowels
Phi Thi Bich
Dao Ngoc Quy
Tran Thi Thuy
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SYMBOLS:
[+stop ]
= /p, t, k, b, d, g/
[ -voiced & +stop ]
= /p, t, k/
[ +voiced & +stop ]
= /b, d, g/
[ + nasal ]
= /m, n, ŋ / …….
Rules of Consonants
 1.[-voiced & + stop]
[ +aspirated] when syllable initial
E.g. tip, testy, kicked…
[ thip , thestoi, khikot,…]
2.[+voiced & + stop & fricative]
=> partially voiced when syllable final
except when followed
by a voiced sound
E.g. /v/ in “improve’’, /z/ in “as”,
* /v/ “improved”
 3. [ + consonant ]
=> longer when at the end of a phras
E.g. Comparing the consonants
in the words such :

“bib, did,
don, nod”
4.[ + approximant ]
=>[-voiced] after [+aspirated &+stop]
As in:
“twin, drill, cue,…. ”
5.[- voiced & + stop ]
=>[not aspirated] after /s/ at the begin
of a syllable.
as in :
‘ spew, stew, skew,…”
= [ spoju: / stoju: / skoju: …]
6. [+ lateral]
=>velarised when after a vowels
and before another consonant
or the end of a word.
As in:
“clap, file” =>>> [k læp , fail]
7. [-voiced]
longer when at the end of a syllab

E.g. wife, feet, health,…

8. [ + stop ]
=> unexploded before [+stop]
As in ‘ apt, act ’
= [æpot , ækot ]
9. [+nasal]
=> [+syllabic] when at the end of a word
and after [+stop &+ fricative].
As in: “ leaden, chasm” = [ ledn , khæzm ].

10. [+lateral ]
=> [syllablic] when at the end of
the word and after another consonant.
as in:
“ paddle, whistle”= [poæd, wis].
“ kennel, channel’’ = [ kenl, t∫æn].
11. [ +alveolar]
=> [+dental] before [dental]
as in:
“tenth, width, health, ’’
12. [+velar]
more front before front vowels.
E.g. Geese, guess,…
13.[ stop] + [stop ]
=> incomplete plosion.
As in:
white post ( /t/ +/p/)
top boy ( /t/ +/b/ )
* strict parents ( /k + t +p)

14. [ stop] +[nasal]

=>nasal plosion.
As in:
15. [stop] + [lateral]
Lateral plosion
E.g. paddle, bottle,../'pædl /, /`bɒt.ļ /

And ….Rules of Vowels

16. [ + vowel ]
=>shorter before voiceless sounds
in the same syllable.

Comparing : “ cap and cab”.

17. [ + vowel] => longer in stressed

syllables.
E.g. Short, cord… /ʃ’ɔːt / , /k’ɔːd /
report /ri'pɔ:t/ , prefer /pri'fə:(r)/ ,…
18. [ +vowel]
=> [+nasal a] before [+nasal].
as in: “on” = [0n]
sing=[siη] ….

19.[+front & + vowel]

=>[+retracted] before syllable final /l/.

As in: “ sell, spell; fill, until ”

= [ sel, spel, fil, ʌntil ]
Thank you very much
for your attention !!!
Thuy Bich Quy