BASIC SAFETY

TERMINOLOGIES
SAFETY TERMINOLOGIES
 Accidents
 Incidents
 Threshold Limit
 Safety
 Control
 Hazard
 Risk
 Unsafe Acts
 Unsafe Conditions
 ACCIDENTS VS INCIDENTS
Accident Incident
• an undesired event that results
 an undesired event w/c, under
in harm to people, damage to
slightly different circumstances
property, or loss to process
could have resulted in harm to
• usually a contact w/ a source of people, damage to property, or
energy above the threshold limit loss to process
of the body or structure

Threshold limit

-max. point through w/c a person,

structure or object could w/stand
the forces of energies w/out
leaving any physical or
psychological effect
Safety
- Control of recognized hazards to attain an acceptable level
of risk.

Control
- To regulate or restrain. To put on track.

Hazard
- Unsafe acts or conditions, that if not controlled, may result
into the occurrence of an accident or an incident.
HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES
 Engineering Controls
- Eliminate
- Substitute
- Replacing toxic or corrosive materials with non-toxic or non-corrosive
materials
- Using pneumatic power tools than electric driven tools
- Using non-flammable and non-combustible materials
- Guards and barriers
- Powered ventilation
- Speed Control
- Emergency Shut Off
- Ergonomics
HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES
 Administrative Controls
- Scheduling of workers to minimize exposures
- Installing sensors and alarm systems
- Medical controls
- Work practices
- Good housekeeping
- Rules Compliance
- Education and Training
- Behavior Reinforcement
- Manual of Safe Practices
- Waste Disposal
HAZARD CONTROL MEASURES
 Personal Protective Equipment
- Head protection
- Face and Eyes protection
- Hearing protection
- Foot protection
- Hand protection
- Torso protection
- Fall protection
Risk
- Chance of a physical or personal loss

Unsafe Acts
- Behavior w/c could permit the occurrence of an accident or incident
- Deviation from standard procedures of practices

Unsafe Conditions
- Circumstances w/c could permit the occurrence of an accident or
incident
- Deviation from standard conditions
TYPES OF WORKPLACE
ACCIDENTS
 Struck against – bumping or running into
 Struck by – hit by a moving object
 Fall to lower level
 Fall on same level – slips, trips
 Caught in – nip points and pinch
 Caught between – amputated, crushed
 Contact with – heat, cold, radiation, toxic, noise
 Overstress, overexertion, overload
 HOUSEKEEPING
• Keeping your workplace orderly,
organized, clean and safe.

• Housekeeping is not just cleanliness;

it is effective workplace organization.

• Housekeeping lessens accidents and

related injuries and illnesses.
 OBJECTIVES
• Understand what is housekeeping and what is
• the value of good housekeeping.
• Be familiar with the 5S system.
• Know the elements of an effective 5S and
• Housekeeping Program.
 SIGNS OF POOR HOUSEKEEPING
• Cluttered and poorly arranged areas
• Untidy piling of materials
• Presence of items no longer needed or in excess
• Blocked aisles and exits
• Dusty floors and work surfaces
• Tools and equipment left in work areas
• Overflowing waste bins and containers
• Overcrowded/disorderly shelves and storage areas
• Presence of spills and leaks
 ACCIDENTS FROM POOR HOUSEKEEPING
• Being hit by falling objects

• Tripping over loose objects on floors, • Cutting, puncturing, or tearing the skin of hands
stairs and platforms or other parts of the body on projecting nails,
wire or steel strapping
• Slipping on greasy, wet or dirty • Electrocution from exposed & unattended live
surfaces wires
• Fire incident/having skin burns from unexpected
• Striking against projecting, poorly fires
stacked items or misplaced
material
 WHAT IS 5S
• 5S is a tool that represents the basic principles of
housekeeping and workplace organization. It is more than
cleaning and painting. It is a disciplined approach to keep
the workplace efficient and effective.

• 5S practice is a technique used to establish and maintain

Safe and Quality environment in an organization

• 5S stands for five Japanese words

 5S OF GOOD HOUSEKEEPING

JAPANESE ENGLISH TAGALOG

SEIRI SORT SURIIN
SEITON SYSTEMATIZE SINUPIN
SEISO SWEEP SIMUTIN
SEIKETSU STANDARDIZE SIGURUHIN
SHITSUKE SELF-DISCIPLINE SARILING-KUSA
 SEIRI (SORT)
• Seiri is an action to identify and eliminate
all unnecessary items from the workplace
 SEITON (SYSTEMATIZE)

• Seiton is an action to put all essential

materials in a systematic order

• A place for everything and everything in its

place
 SEISO (SWEEP)

• Seiso is an action to clean and/or

polish the workplace to attain a
dirt or dust-free state.

• Also inspecting for defects

SEIKETSU (STANDARDIZE OR SANITIZE)

• Seiketsu is a condition where

high standard of housekeeping
is attained.
SHITSUKE (SELF-DISCIPLINE)
• Shitsuke is a condition where all
members practice the above 4S
spontaneously and willingly as a way
of life
 BENEFITS OF 5S
PQCDSM:

P - Increase productivity and efficiency

Q - Improve product quality.
C - Reduce manufacturing costs.
D - Ensure on-time delivery.
S - Provide a safe working environment
M – High morale. Employees feel good in their
second home. Improve company image.
 FOR A 5S & HOUSEKEEPING
PROGRAM TO BE EFFECTIVE
• Management commitment and employee
support

• Housekeeping & 5s policy program and

procedures

• Training

• Program evaluation

• Housekeeping awards system

MATERIALS HANDLING
AND STORAGE

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Materials Handling and Storage
Materials Handling

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Materials Handling and Storage
 MATERIALS HANDLING

A technique which
includes the art of
lifting, placing, storing
or moving of materials
through the use of
appropriate handling
equipment and men.

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Materials Handling and Storage
 MATERIALS HANDLING
National Safety Council (NSC) shows that improper
materials handling accounts for 20% - 25% of all
occupational injuries.
Types of Material Handling Accidents
•Physical strain/over-exertion
• Falling load
• Collision
• Hits, cuts, blows
• Trapped between objects
• People Falling
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Materials Handling and Storage
CLASSIFICATION OF MATERIALS
HANDLING OPERATION
Manual Handling
• is the of lifting, transporting and packaging
of products using own physical strength.
• Hand operated handling, transporting and
packaging of products.
Mechanical Handling
• pertains to more rigid, powered and non-
powered mechanics mainly for handling
bulky and heavy items
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Materials Handling and Storage
 MANUAL HANDLING –
MISTAKES THAT CAUSE INJURIES
• Bending Back
• Twisting with load
• Attempting to much weight
(load too heavy)
• Reaching too far
• Lifting to one side
• Off-balance shifting
• Failure to use personal
PPE, such as gloves
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Materials Handling and Storage
PRECAUTIONS IN MANUAL HANDLING
• Familiarize with the hazard associated with the
material or load
– Sharp edges?
– Too heavy?
– Contains hazardous material? (check MSDS)
• Examine the surrounding area prior to handling
• Get a firm grip of the object
• Use necessary personal protective equipment
• Lift gradually
• Follow proper lifting method.
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Materials Handling and Storage
 MECHANICAL HANDLING

Non-Power Driven
• Wheeler/hand truck
• Wheelbarrow
• cart
• drum tilter
• trolley
• hand pallet (pallet jack)
• pulley
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Materials Handling and Storage
 MECHANICAL HANDLING

Power Driven
• Forklifts
• Cranes
• Tow Trucks
• Conveyors
• Power driven hoists
• Motorized pallet jacks
• Elevators and dumbwaiters
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Materials Handling and Storage
 MECHANICAL HANDLING

Mechanical handling equipment could be

categorized into two:

• lifting equipment – such as hoists and cranes,

drum tilter/lifter

• transport equipment – tow trucks, forklifts,

conveyors, Wheeler/hand truck, pulley, trolley,
carts, pallet jacks (motorized or non-motorized)

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Materials Handling and Storage
 LIFTING EQUIPMENT TYPES
• Hoist
– Lever
– Chain
– Electric
• Cranes
– Stationary
• Tower cranes,
• Overhead traveling cranes
– Mobile
• Wheel Type
• Crawler Type
• Gantry cranes.

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Materials Handling and Storage
TRANSPORT EQUIPMENT TYPES

• Forklift
• Tractor-trailer
• Dump Truck
• Conveyor
• Tow trucks
• Wheeler/hand truck, pulley, trolley,
carts
• pallet jacks (motorized or non-
motorized)
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Materials Handling and Storage
 MECHANICAL HANDLING SAFE
PRACTICES
• Mechanical equipment offers more power. However, more power oftentimes
means more hazards and more severe injuries. The following pre-cautions
should be observed when working with some of these mechanical handling
equipment:

• CONVEYORS - To prevent the possibility of an injury, an emergency button

or pull cord designed to stop the conveyor must be installed at the
employee's work station. Continuously accessible conveyor belts should
have an emergency stop cable that extends the entire length of the conveyor
belt so that the cable can be accessed from any location along the belt.

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Materials Handling and Storage
 MECHANICAL HANDLING SAFE
PRACTICES
• CRANES - Only thoroughly trained and competent persons are permitted to
operate cranes. Operators should know what they are lifting and what it
weighs.

• SLINGS - When working with slings, employers must ensure that they are
visually inspected before use and during operation. Riggers or other
knowledgeable employees should conduct or assist in the inspection
because they are aware of how the sling is used and what makes a sling
unserviceable. A damaged or defective sling must be removed from service.

• FORKLIFTS - Affected workers should be aware of the safety requirements

pertaining to forklift operation.

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Materials Handling and Storage
Storage

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Materials Handling and Storage
MATERIALS STORAGE GENERAL
REQUIREMENTS
• Storage areas should have at least two exits.
• Should be properly illuminated and ventilated.
• Materials are properly identified and labeled
(including hazard labels).
• Restricted Access

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Materials Handling and Storage
SAFE PRACTICES: STORAGE RACKS

• Storage racks should have

adequate bracing and
support.
• Storage racks should have
markings indicating its
capacity.
• Storage racks should be
bolted to the ground.

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Materials Handling and Storage
MATERIAL HANDLING AND STORAGE
SAFETY PROGRAM
An effective Material Handling and Storage Program must have the following:

• Inspection, maintenance and testing of Material

Handling and Storage Equipment.
• Authorization of Mechanical Handling Equipment
Operators
• Safety Training of personnel.
• Labeling and compilation of MSDS of Chemicals
• Compliance to the provisions of OSHS Rule 1150:
Materials Handling and Storage
• Emergency response and preparedness plans.

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Materials Handling and Storage
BASIC ELECTRICAL
SAFETY
Electricity flows through conductors
• water, metal, human body
Insulators inhibit the flow of electrical current.
A ground is a conductive connection between
electrical circuit or equipment and earth on
ground plane
More than 3 ma
•Painful shock
More than 10 ma
•Muscle contraction “no-let-go” danger
More than 30 ma
•Lung paralysis – usually temporary
More than 50 ma
•Possible ventricular fibrillation (usually fatal)
100 ma to 4 amps
•Certain ventricular fibrillation (fatal)
Over 4 amps
•Heart paralysis, severe burns

It takes high voltage to kill; 120 Volts is not dangerous.

Minimum distance from overhead lines 10 feet
 Electrical Protection

CIRCUIT BREAKERS-an automatic device

for stopping the flow of current in an
electric circuit as a safety measure
DISTANCE
If you sense the presence of an
electrical hazard or exposed
conductors that may be energized,
keep your distance and STAY AWAY.
 DO’s and DON’Ts
• Do plug power equipment into wall receptacles with
power switches in the OFF position.
• Do unplug electrical equipment by grasping the plug
and pulling.
• Do not drape power cords over hot pipes, radiators or
sharp objects.
• Do check the receptacle for missing or damaged
parts.
• Do not plug equipment into defective receptacles
• Avoid overloading circuits by having too many tools
or appliances running at the same time.
• Temporary or permanent storage of any materials
must be allowed within 3 feet of any electrical
panel or electrical equipment.
• Any electrical equipment causing shocks or with
high leakage potential must be tagged with a
Danger Tag or the equivalent.
 If someone suffers from Electric Shock

• DO NOT touch the casualty with your unprotected

hands or any part of your body.
• Break the contact by switching off the current, de-
energizing the plug or wrenching the cable free.
• Switch off the current and pull out the plug before
touching the casualty.
• use something dry to move the casualty.
• Seek first aid/medical help immediately.
Control of hazardous energies

Lock-out/ Tag-out(LOTO) in the work place

 OSHA(Occupational Safety and Health Association)
• It requires all employers to comply with an energy control
program, to ensure that machines that could could
unexpectedly start up or become energized are rendered safe
before and after use.
• Eg.(training and inspection).
 LOCK OUT
• Is a technique used to prevent the release of hazardous energy,
or to prevent the hazardous energy from escaping.
• Eg.(a padlock is placed on the appropriate energy isolating
device that is in the off or closed position).
 TAG-OUT
• Is the secondary method used for isolation when lock-out is
impractical or unworkable.
Types of tagging
• Isolation tag
• Personal danger tag
• Out of service tag
 Types of Tagging
• Isolation Tag (hazardous energies)

Labeled lockout hasps

Wall switch lockout

Stop power
 Types of Tagging
• Out of Service Tag (machinery,
equipment, etc…)
 Types of Tagging
• Personal Danger Tag (people)
 definitions
• Authorized employee- one who locks out machines or
equipments in order to perform the maintainance or servicing
on that machine.
• Energy isolating device-a mechanical device that physically
prevents the transmission or release of energy.
 Definitions

• Energy Control Procedure -

Safety program adopted by the
employer that includes energy
control procedures plus
provisions for inspecting the
procedures and training
employees for lockout/tagout.
 Lockout Devices

Multi-pole breaker lockout

Safety lockouts
 Lockout Devices
Circuit breaker lockout
devices

Electrical lockout devices

 Lockout Procedure
Alert the operator (s) that power is being
disconnected.
Preparation for Shutdown
Equipment Shutdown
Equipment Isolation
Application of Lockout Devices
Control of Stored Energy
Equipment Isolation-Verification
 Removal of Lockout
Ensure equipment is safe to operate.
Safeguard all employees.
Remove lockout/tagout devices.
Except in emergencies, each device
must be removed by the person who
put it on.
Last person to take off lock.
Follow checklist.
Temporarily Reactivating Equipment
Remove unnecessary tools from the work
area and make sure everyone is clear of
the equipment
Remove lockout/tagout devices and re-
energize the system
As soon as the energy is no longer needed,
isolate the equipment and re-apply
lockout/tagout.
CONSTRUCTION FIRE
SAFETY
 The “FIRE” triangle

The “Fire” Triangle identifies

the three components of fire:
FUEL
ENERGY (HEAT)
OXIDIZER (AIR)

If any one of these is missing, a

fire cannot continue
THEREFORE…
 COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
 Short circuit, overloading or poor
joints in electrical cables.
 Defective electrical wiring and
equipment.
 Improper use or storage of
flammable liquid such as thinner and
paint.
 COMMON CAUSES OF FIRE
 Excessive storage of waste and
scrapped materials.
 Smoking or use of naked flame.

 Machines with poor preventive

maintenance program leading to
overloading.
 TYPES OF FUEL
SOLID - paper, wood, plastic
LIQUID - gasoline, paint,
thinner, alcohol
GAS – methane, propane,
butane, natural gas
 CLASSES OF FIRE
Depends on the type of fuel burning…
 Class “A” Fire = solid fuel

 Class “B” Fire = liquid fuel

 Class “C” Fire = energized

electrical equipment
 Class “D” Fire = combustible
metals
ex: magnesium, potassium, sodium
 FIRE EXTINGUISHER
CLASSIFICATION
 Class A – ordinary combustibles (wood,
cloth, paper)
 Class B – flammable liquids, gases, greases
 Class C – energized electrical equipment
 Class D – combustible metals
Combustible
Ordinary Flammable Electrical

A
Combustibles
B
Liquids
C
Equipment
D
Metals
Fire Extinguisher – A portable
device use to put out fires of limited
size.
Type of fire Extinguisher
 Water based - Class A

 Foam based - Class A & B

 Carbon Dioxide(CO2) based –

Class B & C
 Dry powder based – Class A, B & C
 HOW TO USE A FIRE
EXTINGUISHER
Remember the PASS word
P – Pull the pin
A- Aim at the base of fire
S – Squeeze the handle
S – Sweep side by side
Remember: Never turn your back
towards the fire, even if you think it is
out. Observe the wind direction.
If you have to turn off a fire, direct the
extinguisher at the base of the flame.
 When NOT to fight Fire
 You don’t know what is burning.
 The fire is spreading beyond the spot
where it started.
 You don’t have adequate or
appropriate equipment.
 You might inhale toxic smoke.

 Your instincts tell you not to.

Fire Extinguisher have limits…
 The operator must know how to use it.
 The extinguisher must be on an easy
reach, in working order, and fully
charged.
 The operator must have a clear escape
route that will not be blocked by fire.
Fire Extinguisher have limits…
 The extinguisher must match the
type of fire being fought.
 The extinguisher must be large
enough to put out the fire.
Some Fire Prevention Tips…

 Store flammable materials especially

LPG cylinders properly.
 LPG cylinders should be stored
outside buildings in a well ventilated
and secure areas.
 Properly secure LPG, oxygen and
acetylene tanks.
Some Fire Prevention Tips…

 LPG supplies should be turn-off at

the cylinder when not in use, LPG
equipment and fittings should be
properly maintained.
 Keep pressured tanks on an upright
position. Do not stack cylinders
especially acetylene tanks on its side.
Some Fire Prevention Tips…
 Pressuredtanks are to be handled
and transferred properly.

YES
Some Fire Prevention Tips…

 Make sure everyone abide rules on

smoking. Provide smoking and no
smoking areas.
 Conduct proper segregation of
construction materials.
 Avoid unnecessary stockpiling of
combustible materials.
Some Fire Prevention Tips…

 Implement a “no smoking policy” on

the construction site and provide a
smoking area.
 Keep site tidy and make sure rubbish
is cleared away promptly and
regularly.
Preparing for an Emergency when it
Happens…

Raising the alarm

 Can be heard by everyone working
on site over normal background noise
 Will work when needed

 Can be activated immediately

 Notify Project Engineer

Preparing for an Emergency when it
Happens…
Means of escape
 Clear any obstruction on access ways
and ladders.
 Provide at least 2 escape routes.

 Travel distances to safety are reduced

to minimum.
Preparing for an Emergency when it
Happens…
Means of escape
 Escape routes and emergency exits
are clearly signed.
 Identify and designate assembly point.

 Transport vehicle should be readily

available if necessary.
Preparing for an Emergency when it
Happens…
Providing Information
Fire action notices should be clearly
displayed where everyone on site will
see them, for example at fire points, site
entrances or canteen areas.