Basic Electrical Technology

[ELE 1051]
SINGLE PHASE AC CIRCUITS
L14 - Introduction to AC, Generation of AC, Average & RMS value

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 1
2019
Topics covered…
 DC vs AC
 Generation of AC
 Terminologies
 Average value and Root Mean Square (RMS) value

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 2
2019
DC vs. AC
DC AC
Obtained from Battery / cell / AC Generator
derived from AC
Polarity Positive and Oscillatory
Negative P N

Frequency Zero 50Hz or 60Hz

Types Constant or Sinusoidal,
pulsating Trapezoidal,
Triangular, Square

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 3
2019
Terminologies
Period(T) :
• one cycle time

Frequency (f):
1
• f=
𝑇

Average value :
𝟏 𝑻
• 𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒈 = ‫𝒕𝒅 𝒕 𝒇 𝟎׬‬
𝑻
time time

RMS value :
𝟏 𝑻 𝟐 Asymmetric square wave Asymmetric triangular waveform,
• 𝑭𝒓𝒎𝒔 = ‫𝒇 ׬‬ 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻 𝟎

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 4
2019
Exercise 1
Find the Average value and RMS value of the given non-sinusoidal
waveform

0 𝑇ൗ 𝑇ൗ T t
4 2
-A

Answer:
𝑨 𝑨
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 = 𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆 =
𝟐 𝟑

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 5
2019
Generation of Alternating EMF

Generation of Alternating EMF

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 6
2019
EMF Equation
EMF induced per conductor is
b
e = B l v sinθ
EMF Induced in one Coil is
e = 2 B l v sinθ l Conductor
If, b = width of the coil,
B
v=πbn ‘n’ is the speed in revolutions per sec.

e = 2 B l b π n sinθ
= 2 B A π n sinθ v
If there are N turns in the coil, the emf induced is, coil
e = 2 π n B A N sinθ

e = Em sin𝜽
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 7
2019
Sinusoidal AC waveform
Em
e(t) = Emsin𝜔𝑡
e(t) →

𝑇 = 0.02𝑠

𝑓 = 50𝐻𝑧
One Cycle

Time →
Cycle: Each repetition of the alternating quantity, recurring at equal intervals
Period (T): Duration of one cycle
Instantaneous Value (e(t)): The magnitude of a waveform at any instant in time
Peak Amplitude: Maximum value or peak value of alternating quantity
1
Frequency (f): Number of cycles in one second (Hz) 𝑓=
𝑇
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 8
2019
Average value of Sinusoidal Alternating Current
Definition: “It is that steady current which transfers the same amount of
charge to any circuit during the given interval of time, as is transferred by
the alternating current to the same circuit during the same time”
𝑻
For a periodic function f(t)
𝟏
𝑭𝒂𝒗𝒈 = න 𝒇 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
with period T, 𝑻
𝟎
For sinusoidal signal, i
𝑇ൗ
2
1 Im
𝐼𝑎𝑣𝑔 = න 𝐼𝑚 sin 𝜔𝑡𝑑𝑡 𝑖(𝑡) = 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜔𝑡
𝑇ൗ
20

𝟐𝑰𝒎 T t
𝑰𝒂𝒗 =
𝝅

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 9
2019
RMS value of Sinusoidal Alternating Current
Definition: “It is that value of direct current which when flowing through a
circuit produces the same amount of heat for a given interval of time as that
of the alternating current flowing through the same circuit during the same
time” 𝑻
For a periodic function f(t) 𝟏
with period T, 𝑭𝒓𝒎𝒔 = න 𝒇𝟐 𝒕 𝒅𝒕
𝑻
𝟎

𝑇
1 2
𝐼𝑟𝑚𝑠 = න 𝐼𝑚 𝑠𝑖𝑛2 𝜔𝑡 𝑑𝑡
𝑇
0

𝑰𝒎
𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
𝟐
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 10
2019
Form Factor & Peak Factor
𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑭𝒐𝒓𝒎 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = 𝟏. 𝟏𝟏 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍
𝑨𝒗𝒆𝒓𝒂𝒈𝒆 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

𝑴𝒂𝒙𝒊𝒎𝒖𝒎 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆
𝑷𝒆𝒂𝒌 𝑭𝒂𝒄𝒕𝒐𝒓 = = 𝟐 𝒇𝒐𝒓 𝒔𝒊𝒏𝒖𝒔𝒐𝒊𝒅𝒂𝒍
𝑹𝑴𝑺 𝑽𝒂𝒍𝒖𝒆

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 11
2019
Exercise 2
If an alternating voltage has the equation
v(t) = 141.4 sin 377t, calculate
a. Maximum voltage value
b. RMS value of the voltage
c. Frequency
d. The instantaneous voltage when t = 3ms

Answers:
a) Maximum Value = 141.4 V
b) RMS Value = 100 V
c) Frequency = 60 Hz
d) Instantaneous voltage = 127.8V

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 12
2019
Exercise 3
For the circuit shown below, sketch the voltage across the resistance,
& then find the Average value and RMS value of the same.

𝑽𝒎 𝑽𝒎
Ans: 𝑽𝑹 𝒂𝒗𝒈 = ; 𝑽𝑹 𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
𝝅 𝟐

Monday, November 11,

Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 13
2019
Summary
 Alternating quantity
o time dependent
o takes positive & negative values in every cycle
o Types: Sinusoidal, triangular, square

 Generation of AC
 RMS value / Effective value for Sinusoidal AC
𝑰𝒎
𝑰𝑹𝑴𝑺 =
𝟐
 Average value of a Sinusoidal AC
𝟐𝑰𝒎
𝑰𝒂𝒗 =
𝝅
Monday, November 11,
Dept. of Electrical & Electronics Engg., MIT - Manipal 14
2019