INDUSTRIAL TRAINING

PRESENTATION

SUBMITTED BY:
Ravi Yadav
251604038
ME, VII Sem
ESCORTS AGRI MACHINERY,FARIDABAD
(FARMTRAC DIVISION)
 University Institute of Engineering &
Technology, KUK

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

 I take great pleasure in presenting this report on “Heat Treatment Cell” which was assigned
to me during my vocational training for six weeks.
 I am thankful to Mr. Shekhar Sinha , Project Head, Escorts Agri Machinery, Farmtrac Plant,
with whose support and expert guidance I have been able to submit this project report
without any problem. He helped me a lot in presenting my report on engine production. It was
a great pleasure and knowledgeable experience to work under his guidance.
 I am also thankful to Mr. Umesh for his support and guidance in presenting my report.
 I am also highly thankful to the staff and management of Farmtrac Division for being so co-
operative and supportive.


 Ravi Yadav
 ME, VII Sem
 CONTENTS

INTRODUCTI OBJECTIVE
ON

AGRI PRODUCT
MACHINERY
GROUP RANGE

PROJECT
CONCLUSION
WORK
 INTRODUCTION
Company Profile

 Promoted by H P Nanda, Escorts was incorporated as a private limited company in Oct.'44 at

Lahore under the name Escorts (Agents) Pvt. Ltd .
 The current chairman of Escorts ltd. Is Mr. Rajesh Nanda .
 The company is presently into farm equipment automobile components, railway ancillaries,
etc. As a part of restructuring its business in 1994-95.
 Other subsidiaries are Escorts Class, Escorts Automotive, Escotel Mobile Communications,
Escorts Hospital & Research Centre, Escorts AgriMachinery Inc, and Escorts Motors. Most of its
subsidiaries have foreign collaborations..
 The Escorts group is investing Rs 300 crore in the agri-machinery business. It is also setting up
a joint venture with the Carraro group of Italy, a world leader in axles and transmissions
 OBJECTIVES

 Institutionalize systems to continuously assess customer needs & concerns.

 Improve response time for development & introduction of technologically superior
& cost competitive markets.
 Build an R&D organization capable of meeting market requirements of
quality, prices & speed.
 Global quality standards of products & management.
 Focussed & aggressive marketing, selling & customer service strategies.
 World class distribution system adapted to the Indian context.
 Ensure rapid growth in Europe & North American markets.
 Institutionalize systems for timely business intelligence on products,
markets, strategies, tactics, systems etc.
 Improved efficiency & productivity at all levels through continuous
improvement of systems & processes.
 Low cost base—fixed & variable. Optimization of manpower numbers
across AMG. (Outsourcing to improve Capacity utilization.)
 Enhance transparency & relationship with suppliers & improve vendor
process for long term cost advantage.
 Enthuse commitment, accountability, passion, ownership, positive
energy,
team working & proactive culture in AMG.
 AGRI MACHINERY GROUP

 Operating Divisions
 Agri Machinery Division Engineering Division:
 Farmtrac division
 Powertrac division

 Subsidiary companies:
 Escorts Construction Equipment Limited.
 Esconet Services.
 Automatrix India.
 Escorts Agrimachinery Inc. (USA).
 Escorts Hospital & Research Centre.
 Escorts Heart Institute & Research Centre.
 Escorts Automotive Ltd.
 I-Serv India.
 Escosoft Technologies.
 Cellnext Solutions.
Farmtrac Basic Range –
(tractors with engines up to 50 hp power )

 Farmtrac 535 - agricultural tractor with 3 cylinder, 33 HP AVL engine equipped with a rotary pump, 8+2
constant-mesh mechanical transmission and a reducer and double clutch. These are 2WD tractors available
with a cab or open operator station.

 Farmtrac 555 and 555DT - agricultural tractors with 3 cylinder, 48 HP AVL engine equipped with a rotary
pump, 8+2 constant-mesh mechanical transmission, a reducer and double clutch. These are 2WD or 4WD
tractors available with a cab or open operator station.
Farmtrac Premium Range –
(tractors with engines up to 50-70 hp and 70-110 hp power)

 Farmtrac FT 670 (2WD) & FT 670 DT (4WD) - 4-cylinder 66hp engine, 12+12 transmission with a
reverser, wet disc brakes, drive train designed by Carraro, MITA hydraulic power lift and a
comfortable heated cabin.

 Farmtrac FT 675 (4WD) & FT 675 DT (4WD) - 75 HP, 4-cylinder Perkins 1104D-44T engine. Carraro
12 +12 constant mesh mechanical transmission with synchronized reverser and reducer. This
model is the proud recipient of the prestigious "Machine of the Year 2011" award.
 Farmtrac FT 685 DT (4WD) - 82 hp, 4-cylinder Perkins 1104D-44T engine, constant mesh
mechanical transmission synchronized with reverser and reducer, 24/24.

 Farmtrac FT 690 DT (4WD) - 88 hp, 4-cylinder Perkins 1104D-44T engine, meets the Stage IIIA
European emission standards.. Constant mesh mechanical transmission synchronized with
reverser and reducer, 24/24. Tractor equipped with a comfortable operator cab. Optionally, at
the customer request, the tractor can be equipped with air conditioning, front three-point
linkage or three-point linkage and PTO.

 Farmtrac FT 7100 DT (4WD) - 98 hp, 4-cylinder Perkins 1104D-44T engine, ZF T557 LS Power
Shift, 16/16 drive train. Tractor equipped with a comfortable operator cabin.
Farmtrac atom 26 –

– It is an all new range of mini tractors

Farmtrac atom 26 is a mini tractor that provides all options and advantages of huge tractors. Atom 26
tractor comes below the international brand escort and additionally a multi-crop tractor.It's Lifting
capability is ADDC-750 metric unit which suggests the capability to drag varied implements.
This tractor has a bundle of the feature that provides farmers exceptional ease.
Key Specifications
• No. Of Cylinder 3,HP Category- 26 HP,Engine Rated RPM - 2700, Gear Box : 9 Forward + 3
Reverse
• Brakes : Multi Plate Oil Immersed Disc Brake
Powertrac -
India's No.1 Economy Range - "Diesel Save” Engineered to give spectacular diesel
economy.The Diesel Saver technology - Great savings.
Powertrac DS plus series.

POWERTRAC 434 DS Plus in 37 HP, Powertrac 439 DS Plus in 41 HP and Powertrac 445 DS Plus in
45 HP have new, bigger engines that not only provide state-of-the-art fuel-saving technologies, but
also best-in-class power ratings. The new stylish looks, bigger-sized tyres, a Haulage-special flat
backend, an advanced ‘TLS’ Hydraulic system.
 PROJECT WORK
Heat Treatment Cell(case hardening of
gears):
WORKING PROCESS :
 At first green material is inspected manually
 Charge carrier load is present in the furnace for further operation.In the starting,
a constant temperature of 9300C is maintained, but when it comes to 750oC
carburizing fluid starts to flow at one point.
 After that the temperature is lowered to 860oC and quenching is done to remove
any internal stress.
 After quenching process,washing is done by suitable methods
 Thrust cleaning by air pressure takes place
 Tempering is done at 200oC
 Afterwards it is normalized and short blasting process take splace to remove any
carbon content deposited on the green material.
 Any type of axial misalignment is removed through straight press machine , after
which grinding is carried out.

Quenching Process

 Gas Carburising Process is a surface chemistry process, which improves the case depth hardness
of a component by diffusing carbon into the surface layer to improve wear and fatigue
resistance. The work pieces are pre-heated and then held for a period of time at an elevated
temperature in the austenitic region of the specific alloy, typically between 820 and 940°C.
 During the thermal cycle the components are subject to an enriched carbon atmosphere such
that nascent species of carbon can diffuse into the surface layers of the component.
 The rate of diffusion is dependent on the alloy and carbon potential of the atmosphere.Care
must be taken to ensure that only sufficient carbon is available in the atmosphere at any one
time to satisfy the take up rate of the alloy to accept the carbon atoms.
Tempering Furnace

 A tempering furnace is a type of industrial oven designed to heat treat a ferrous metal product and
increase its toughness. It is the process of accessing the highest possible intersection of strength and
elasticity of a ferrous, or iron-based, metal product by heat-treating it to a limited degree, typically
after the quenching process.
 Modern tempering processes may be theoretically like their ancient counterparts, but the
equipment currently used is vastly improved. Quenching, for example, which once required a
homogenous liquid such as mercury to appropriately precipitate hardening of a ferrous metal alloy,
can now be accomplished using vacuum or gas flow techniques.
 An iron based metal is heated in a tempering furnace in between 300- 750oC to encourage phase
transition within the martensite structures and reduce the hardness of the material while improving
its ductility.
Washing

With few exceptions, there are certain principles that apply to all types of cleaning. These include:
 Increased temperature usually improves cleaning.
 Agitation to move the soil (rather than the cleaner) improves cleaning. Agitation to move the cleaner is
important when the layer of cleaner next to the surface has become heavily contaminated with soil or has
cooled off.
 A minimum concentration of cleaner is needed for cleaning; above this level cleaning improves with
increased concentration, but each increment of cleaner has a lesser effect than the previous. A point of
diminished returns is eventually encountered.
 Adequate time must be provided for detergency or reaction of cleaner with soil. Otherwise, agitation or
mechanical removal effects become more important.
 Rinsing away of soil and cleaner is necessary and must take into consideration factors such as: The amount
that can be left behind without harm; how much cleaner residue can be tolerated.
 Soil must be kept from redepositing on the work. This might take the form of cleaner components to
suspend the soil.
Stress reducing process

Stress relieving is carried out on metal products in order to minimise residual stresses in the structure thereby
reducing the risk of dimensional changes during further manufacturing or final use of the component.
Benefits
 Machining, and cutting, as well as plastic deformation, will cause a build up of stresses in a material. These
stresses could cause unwanted dimension changes if released uncontrolled, for example during a subsequent
heat treatment. To minimise stresses after machining and the risk for dimension changes the component can
be stress relieved.
 Parts that have tight dimensional tolerances, and are going to be further processed, for example by
nitrocarburising, must be stress relieved.
 Welded structures can be made tension free by stress relieving.
 Stress relieving does not change the material’s structure and does not significantly affect its hardness.
Hardened and tempered parts to be stress relieved must be treated at a temperature around 50°C below
the temperature used for previous tempering to avoid an impact on the hardness.
Quenching Process

Quench hardening is a mechanical process in which steel and cast iron alloys are
strengthened and hardened. These metals consist of ferrous metals and alloys.
This is done by heating the material to a certain temperature, depending on the
material.. The material is then often tempered to reduce the brittleness that
may increase from the quench hardening process. Items that may be quenched
include gears, shafts, and wear blocks.
Purpose
 Before hardening, cast steels and iron are of a uniform and lamellar (or
layered) pearlitic grain structure. This is a mixture of ferrite
and cementite formed when steel or cast iron are manufactured and cooled
at a slow rate. By heating pearlite past its eutectoid transition temperature
of 727 °C and then rapidly cooling, some of the material’s crystal structure
can be transformed into a much harder structure known as martensite.
 The process of quenching is a progression, beginning with heating the sample.
Most materials are heated to between 815 and 900 °C (1,500 to 1,650 °F),
with careful attention paid to keeping temperatures throughout the
workpiece uniform. Minimizing uneven heating and overheating is key to
imparting desired material properties.
 The second step in the quenching process is soaking. Workpieces can be
soaked in air (air furnace), a liquid bath, or a vacuum. Soaking times can
range a little higher within a vacuum. It is important that the temperature
throughout the sample remains as uniform as possible during soaking.
Types of Gear Materials
 S45C (Carbon Steel for Structural Machine Usage)
S45C is one of the most commonly used steel, containing moderate amounts of carbon (0.45% ). S45C is easily obtainable
and is used in the production of spur gears, helical gears, gear racks, bevel gears and worm gears.

 SCM440 (Chrome-molybdenum Alloy Steel)

An alloy steel containing moderate amounts of carbon (0.40% ). It also contains chrome / molybdenum. SCM440 has
more strength than S45C and is used with thermal-refining or induction-hardening treatment for producing gears.

 SCM415 (Chrome-molybdenum Alloy Steel)

SCM415 is one of the most commonly used low-carbon alloy steel (C = 0.15%). Generally, it is carburized for use. It has
more strength than S45C or SCM440. Surface hardness should be between 55 and 60HRC for use.

 SUS303 (Stainless Steel：18Cr-8Ni Stainless Steel)

Since it is called “stainless steel”, it is a rust-resistant steel. This authentic stainless steel is basically non-magnetic.
Most commonly used for gears in applications where rust contamination is undesirable, such as in food-processing
machinery. There is a similar stainless steel called SUS304 which has more corrosion resistance than SU.
PRO AND CONS OF HEAT TREATMENT
PROS
 The resulting product ha better durability, machinability, toughness, strength etc.
 It can be welded easily
 The wear resistance increases ,overall lifespan of the product increases

CONS
 The initial setup of equipments or running cost is high
 The metal may get oxidized during heat treatment
 Some of the properties are lost in some cases
 It is a very time consuming process
CONCLUSION :

 The four week training at Escorts Farmtrac division has proved very helpful to me. I have
studied about heat treatment cell and its working. In the industry, I have gained its
practical knowledge. How various parts are heat treated such as gears and shafts . I have
mostly focussed on the heat treatment process & its testing under various load conditions.
 I studied about various machines such as Jig Boring Machine, Gear Horizontal Centre
Machining, Horizontal as well as Vertical Drilling Machine etc but the text book contained
only two dimensional images. Here I got to see them in working condition and it helped me
to clear my concepts. Moreover, seeing them has created a deeper impression in my mind,
which was impossible by just reading books.
 Overall it was a great learning experience and I was able to grab the experience in the
industry in short span of time.
THANK YOU