Chapter 7 Standard Parts and

Commonly Used Parts

7.1 Threads and Threaded Fasteners
7.2 Keys and Pins
7.3 Gears
7.4 Springs
7.5 Bearings
 7.1 Threads and Threaded Fasteners
7.1.1 Threads

Threads are continuous

protrusions or grooves produced
on one or more helices of a
cylinder with the same cross
section.
Threads on an external surface are
called external threads (e.g. screws).
Threads on an internal surface are
called internal threads (e.g. nuts).
1. Manufacturing Methods
Thread ends and undercuts

Thin continuous lines

should be used in
China’s standards
 2. Terms of thread (a.k.a. five elements of thread)
(1) Thread form (tooth profile): The outline of the thread
section by cutting a threaded part along its axis.
Some of the
internationally
used thread
forms
 (2) Thread diameter Thread profile

Minor diameter

Major diameter
Crest Root Root Crest

The major diameter is the diameter of the column which passes the
crest of the external thread or the root of the internal thread. Major
diameter is used as nominal value of a thread
 External thread diameters are indicated with lowercase letter, while
internal thread diameters are indicated with capital letter.
Minor diameter is the diameter of the column which passes the root of
the external thread or the crest of the internal thread, indicated by d1
and D1. Major diameters are indicated by d and D.
Pitch diameter uses d2 and D2; where equal width
(3) Left-hand and right-hand thread

(a) Left-hand thread (b) Right-hand thread

(designated with “LH”)
When viewed axially, winds in a CCW (for LH) / CW (for RH) and
receding direction
 (4) Single/multiple thread
One or multiple grooves produced on the cylinder of a threaded
fastener. Single: a thread having the thread form produced on one
helix of the cylinder; Multiple: a thread combination having the
same form produced on two or more helices of the cylinder.

Multiple thread： double thread, triple thread, etc.

 (5) Pitch (P) and Lead (S)
Pitch: the axial distance between two corresponding points on
adjacent teeth.
For a multiple thread, “lead” is also a necessary measurement,
which is the axial distance between two corresponding points on the
adjacent teeth of a same helix. Pitch
Lead

Single thread： Lead ＝ Pitch ；

Multiple thread： Lead ＝ Pitch × Thread number
 3. Drawing method
(1) External thread (e.g. on screws)
Drawing thread’s crest
in thick continuous lines
Drawn with thick continuous lines
Drawing thread’s root in
thin continuous lines
Minor diameter
Major diameter

0nly 3/4 circle

The vanishing of thread This hole has nothing to do with the example on the LHS
(2) Internal thread (e.g. on nuts)
The major diameter is drawn
in thin continuous lines
The minor diameter is
drawn in thick continuous
lines

120°

The thread depth

The depth of the drilled hole 0nly 3/4 circle

Find out errors in the following drawings and make
corrections if necessary.
Find out errors in the following drawings and make
corrections if necessary.
(3) Assembly of internal and external thread
(threaded assembly) – to be discussed further
In sectional view, the externally threaded part is drawn
covering the internally threaded part.
The major and minor diameter lines of the internal and
external threads must
A be aligned accordingly.

work length 0.5d

The thread depth 0.5d
The depth of the drilled hole

A
When the section passes the axis of the threaded part, the thread is not cut and
only its outline is drawn.
 When the section passes the
axis of the external threaded
part (e.g. a bolt), no section
lines are used for that part.

It has nothing
to do with
chamfer size

When not sectioned, all

should be drawn in hidden
lines.
(4) Representation of tooth profile
 4. Types and designations of threads
(1) Types of threads

Coarse pitch thread

Metric
threads Fine pitch thread
For (M)
connection Sealing pipe thread (Rc, Rp）
Pipe
Threads threads
Non Sealing pipe thread(G)

For force or Buttress thread (B)

torque Trapezoidal thread (Tr)
transmission
 (2) Thread designation
(a) Designation of metric thread

Type Nominal
×
Pitch (blank for Revolving － Pitch diameter Major diameter －Symbol of work
symbol diameter coarse tooth) direction tolerance zone symbol tolerance zone length (blank for
symbol normal): S/N/L
(b) Designation of pipe thread

Type symbol Dimension symbol Tolerance grade Revolving direction

(c) Designation of trapezoidal thread and buttress thread

Type symbol Nominal diameter × Lead (Ｐpitch ) Revolving direction (blank

for right-hand)
 7.1.2 Threaded fasteners
1. Types of fasteners
2. Proportional drawing method of threaded fasteners

(1) Drawing method of a hexagon head bolt

×
°
0.15d 45

2d
d
2d
0.7d l
(2) Drawing method of stud
0.15d×45°

2d
d

L
L1

0.15d×45°
(3) Drawing method of screw (cap/machine, set,
captive, tapping, etc.)
1.5d

0.25d
0.25d

0.2d
0.2d
0.5d

0.6d
0.15d
d d
(4) Drawing method of a hexagon nut

R
Determining by construct

30°

0.8D
D

2D
(5) Drawing method of washers

0.15d

0.25d
70°

1.1d

1.5d
2.2d
7.1.3 Drawing method of fastener assembly

Thin
continuous
lines
should be
used in
China’s
standards
 1. Drawing method of bolt assembly
(1) The assembly procedure of the bolt assembly

The bolt assembly is used when the fastened parts are not too thick to
drill through holes.
(2) The proportional drawing method of the bolt assembly
With line

contact
surface is
represented
as two lines.

L=h1+h2+k+m+a
(3) The simplified drawing method of the bolt assembly
 2. Drawing methods of stud assembly
(1) The assembly procedure of the stud assembly

If one of the fastened pieces is too thick, or in case the bolt

fastening is not suitable, the stud assembly may be used.
(2) The proportional drawing method of the stud
assembly

δ
L1+0.5d
0.5d
Find out errors in the following drawing and give
the correct views .

8 errors!
 3. Drawing method of screw (cap/machine,
set screw) assembly
(1) The assembly procedure of the screw assembly

The screw assembly is used most often for the cases

with small bearing force.
(2) Proportional drawing method of the screw
assembly

L
d

L1
Drawing method of set screw
 7.2 Keys and Pins
7.2.1 Key joints
1. Functions Two keyways

A key joint goes through the shaft and the hub’s keyways,
joining the shaft with the rotors (gears, pulleys and
clutches), and transmitting torque.
 2. Types of keys
Commonly used keys are parallel keys (flat/square; the end could
be squared or round; could be tapering in thickness on the top
face), woodruff keys and gib head keys.

Parallel key Woodruff key Gib head key

3. Dimensions of keys

Parallel key (Type A) Woodruff key

b＝18mm，h＝11mm，L＝100mm b＝6mm，h＝10mm，d＝25mm，
Key 18×100 GB/T 1096－1979 L＝24.5mm
Key 6×25 GB/T 1099一1979
 4. Dimensions of the key and keyway
Depth of immersion: the depth
L
of a key within the shaft, usually
d-t
half in and half out.
b, t, t1 , L should be determined
according to the relevant standards.

b
b

d+t 1
h

L
b

In general, the type of key should be decided first according to the diameter
of the axis and relevant design requirements – proportions to shaft diameter.
The dimension of the keyway should be determined following relevant
standard.
5. Drawing method of parallel key assembly
6. Drawing method of woodruff key assembly
7. Drawing method of gib head key assembly
 7.2.2 Pin joints
1. Function
Pins are used to join (or position) two parts. Pins usually
only transfer small torque.
2. Types of pins

Parallel pin Taper pin Split cotter pin

3. Dimensions of pin drawings
Norminal diameter, d=10mm;
tolerance,m6; Norminal length, l=50mm;
#35 steel; Parallel pin without quench and
surface treatment.
Pin GB/T 119.1 6m10×50

Norminal diameter, d=10mm; Norminal

length, l=60mm; #35 steel; superficial
oxidation; type A taper pin; heat treated to
28-38 HRC.
Pin GB/T 117 10×60

Norminal diameter, d=5mm; Norminal

length, l=50mm; soft steel, split cotter pin
without surface treatment.
Pin GB/T 91 5×50
4. Drawing methods of pin assembly

(a) Pin for connection (b) Pin for position

 7.3 Gears
Gear: a wheel with teeth of uniform formation provided
on its circumferential surface

Gears are used to transmit and modify rotary motion

and torque (force).

The major feature of a gear is teeth. There are

relevant national standards for gear teeth. Teeth
following national standards are called standard gears.
 7.3.1 Types of gears

Worm and worm

gear(wheel)--Used
to transmit force
and motion
between two
perpendicular axies
Spur/helical gear--
Used to transmit
force and motion
between two parallel
axies. Bevel gear--Used to
transmit force and
motion between two
perpendicular axies.
Helical gears:

Rack and pinion:

Gear’s Tooth Profile:

Involute: a curve
traced by a point
on straight line
when it rolls on the
circumference of a
circle
 7.3.2 Geometric elements and dimensions of a
spur gear
(1) Number teeth Z
(2) Three circles on the gear

Addendum circle dia (da)

Dedendum circle dia (df)
(root circle)

Pitch circle dia (P.C.D.) (d)

(3) Circular pitch (p)

(4) Module m π·d=p·Z，d=(p/π)Z，m=p/π, then, d=mz, m=d/Z

(5) Total depth, addendum, dedendum
ha=m, hf=1.25m，h=ha+hf=2.25m。
(6) Center distance (a)
a=(d1+d2)/2=m(Z1+Z2)/2

(7) Pressure angle α.

The pressure angle of
standard gears is 20°

(8) Tooth/gear width α

Tooth thickness
Dimension formulas of a standard spur gear:
 Standard modules（GB/T1357-1987)

Series 1 1.25 1.5 2 2.5 3 4 5 6 8 10 12 16 20 25 32 40 50

No.1

Series 1.75 2.25 2.75 （3.25） 3.5 （3.75） 4.5 5.5 （6.5） 7 9
No.2 （11） 14 18 22 28 36 45

Note: Series No. 1 is recommended. Modules in brackets should

better not to use.
 7.3.3 Drawing method of gear
The addendum circle is shown in thick lines.
The pitch circle is shown
in center lines. Section lines in teeth For helical gears, use
are not required. three thin continuous lines
The dedendum circle is shown
in thin solid lines, or omitted.
7.3.4 Drawing method of meshing gears
Detail drawing of a gear

teeth
 7.4 Springs
Springs can be used for vibration reduction, impact
absorption, clamping, energy storage, force measurement,
etc.
7.4.1 Parameters of spring
d ——Wire diameter D

D2 ——External diameter
d
D1 ——Internal diameter
D ——Effective diameter
D2=D+d
t ——Pitch

t
H0 ——Free height
H0=nt+(n1-0.5)d
n1 Number of total coils n2 Number of end coils
n Number of active coils n1=n+n2
7.4.2 Drawing method of spring
(1) Represent its outlines with straight lines in the view
parallel with its axis.
(2) No matter whether the spring is left-handed or right-
handed, it can be represented as right-handed. For LH
spring, remember to mark it with “LH”.
Example
D

t
(a) Full view (b) Sectional view
7.4.3 Steps for drawing a spring

t/2
t
H0

t/2
t

t
(a) (b) (c)
7.4.4 Drawing methods for spring assembly

(1) If the wire diameter <= 2mm, the cross section can be drawn
black and contour lines for each circle can be omitted. (2) If the wire
diameter is <= 1mm, a schematic drawing can be made.
 7.5 Rolling Contact Bearings
Bearings are used to support a shaft.

- Sliding contact bearing: sliding friction

. Journal bearing; bushed journal bearing (horizontal)
. Foot-step bearing (vertical)
. Plummer block, e.g. pedestal bearing: a split type of journal
bearing
. Thrust bearing, e.g. collar bearing, multi-collar bearing

- Rolling contact (anti-friction) bearing: rolling friction

Type of sliding contact bearings
 7.5.1 Type of rolling contact bearings

Held rigidly to the housing, stationary

Held rigidly to the

shaft, rotating

(Radial bearing)
 7.5.2 Rolling bearing codes (GB/T 272-1993)
1. A few examples:
Deep-groove ball bearing: 6206 GB/T 276-94
Thrust ball bearing: 51210 GB/T 301-1995
Taper roller bearing: 30205 GB/T 297-94

2. The base code

Consists of the bearing type code, dimension series
code and inner diameter code,
where, the dimension series code consists of width or
height series.
 Base codes of rolling-contact bearings

5 4 3 2 1

Dimension series code

Inner diameter code
00: d=10
Type 01: d=12
code Width Diameter 02: d=15
series series 03: d=17
code code 04 and above: ×5
7.5.3 Drawing method of rolling contact bearing
Being a standard component, the assembly drawing can be drawn
according to either conventional or simplified representation specified in
the relevant national standard. Before making the drawing, the external
diameter D, inner diameter d and width B should be determined by
consulting the National Standard following bearing codes.
B

1. Conventional Representation B/2

A/2
A/2
A
d 60°

D
Conventional Representation
2. Simplified Representation