TIME-HOPPING

SPREAD SPECTRUM
• the period and duty cycle of a pulsed RF
carrier are varied in a pseudorandom manner
under the control of a coded sequence.
 HYBRID SYSTEM
Frequency Hopping – Direct
Sequence
• Such schemes will typically employ frequency
hopping of the carrier wave, while
concurrently using a DS modulation technique
to modulate the data upon the carrier.
• To successfully intercept such a signal you
must first crack the FH code, and then crack
the DS code. If you want to be further secure,
you encrypt your data stream with a very
secure crypto code before you feed it into
your DS modulator, and employ
cryptographically secure PN codes for the DS
and FH operations.
Chirp Spread Spectrum
• Chirp Spread Spectrum (CSS) is a spread
spectrum technique that uses wideband linear
frequency modulated chirp pulses to encode
information.
• a chirp is a sinusoidal signal whose frequency
increases or decreases over a certain amount
of time.
• unlike DSSS of FHSS in that it does not add any
pseudo-random elements to the signal to help
distinguish it from noise on the channel,
instead relying on the linear nature of the
chirp pulse.
• CSS is ideal for applications requiring low
power usage and needing relatively low
amounts of data rate (1Mbits or less)
PSEUDO-RANDOM NOISE CODE
 Maximum length sequence

1 1 -1 -1 -1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 1 -1 1 1
Gold Sequences

m-sequences gave only one sequence of

length . By combining two of these
sequences, we can obtain up to 31 plus
the two m-sequences themselves,
generate 33 sequences that can be used
to spread different input messages
Barker Code:
• Barker codes, originally developed for radar, are short (13 bits
or less) sequences that are normally used in one-shot
schemes, as compared to most other spreading codes which
run continually. Barker sequences are not the natural product
of linear feedback shift registers, but rather are hard-coded.
• R2: 10 (or 11)
R3: 110
R4: 1011 or (1001)
R5: 11101
R7: 1110010
R11: 11100010010
R13: 1111100110101
Hadamard-Walsh Codes