SEEDS (SEMEN)

Seeds (Latin: cement) are ovules from mature flowering

plants. The seeds can be protected by other organs (fruit, in
Angiosperms or Magnoliophyta) or not (in Gymnosperms). From
an evolutionary point of view, seeds are embryos or small plants
that are modified so that they last longer in conditions less
suitable for growth. (See descent rotations).
Thus the seeds have shown themselves to be important
developments in the reproduction and dispersal of Spermatophyta
(flowering plants or seed plants; Greek: seed sperm, plant phyton);
compared to more primitive plants such as mosses, liverworts and
ferns, which have no seeds and use other means to spread
themselves.
Seeds sit on a stalk that comes out of the seed board or
placenta (placenta). The supporting stem of the seed is called the
center of the funiculus. The part of the seed where the central
rope adhesive is called the umbilical cord (hilus).
 The parts of the seeds can be
distinguished as follows:
a. Seed coat (spermodermis)
b. Umbilical Cord (Funiculus)
c. Seed core or seed contents (nucleus seminis)
 SEED COAT (Spermodermis)
The seed coat comes from the membranes (integumentum).
Therefore, usually the seed coat (from closed seed plants
(Angiosperms) consists of two layers, namely:
1. the outer layer of skin (testa), some are thin, some are stiff like
leather, some are hard as wood or stone. main part of the seed
inside.This outer layer can show different colors and images: red,
blue, war, greenish, some are smooth, flat, have wrinkled
surfaces.
2. Layer of inner skin (tegmen), thin like a membrane, also called
epidermis. In the formation of seed shells can also participate part
of the seeds that are deeper than the integumentum, for example
other parts of the outer nuselus network. Seeds whose skin
consists of two layers are generally the seeds of closed seed plants
(Angiosperms).
 UMBILICAL CORD (Funiculus)
The umbilical cord is the part that connects the
seeds to the placenta, so it is the stem of the
seed. If the seeds are ripe, the seeds are usually
detached from the umbilical cord (seedling), and
the seeds only show the traces known as the
navel seeds (see about seed shells).
 SEED CORE (Nucleus Semini)
Seed core is all parts of the seeds contained in
the skin, therefore the seed core can also be
called the contents of the seed.
Institution (embryo), which is a new individual
candidate, White Institution (albumen), a
network containing food reserves for the
beginning of the life of a new plant (sprouts)
before it can find its own food.
 SEEDS MORPHOLOGY AND ANATOMY
1. The outer skin (sarcotesta), usually thick fleshy, when
young is green, then turns yellow, and finally red.
2. Middle skin (sclerotesta), a layer that is strong and
hard, woody, resembling the inner skin (endocarpium) on
stone fruit.
3. Skin in (endotesta), usually thin as a membrane, often
attached to the core of the seed
4. Wings (ala), an additional tool in the form of wings on
the outer shell of seeds
5. Feather (coma), namely protrusion of seed outer shell
cells in the form of fine hairs, making it easier for the
seeds to be blown by the wind, ch. on cotton (Gossypium)
6. Navel seed (hilus), which is the outer shell of the seeds
used to attach with the umbilical cord
7. Salute the seeds (arillus), which usually comes from the
growth of the umbilical cord, for example in durian seeds
(Durio zibethinus Murr), etc.
8. Salute Pseudo seeds (arillodium), like one seed, but not
from the umbilical cord.
9. Seed pit (micropyle), is a small hole former for the entry of
reed pollen into the bottom of the seeds during fertilization.
10. Traces of transportation vessels (chalaza), which are places
where the integument meets nuselus, are still visible on grape
seeds (Vitis vinifera.L).
11. Seed bones (raphe), the umbilical cord on the seeds, are
usually only visible on seeds that come from nodding ovules
(anatropus), and the seeds are usually not very clear
 DIFFERENCES BETWEEN
MONOCOTYLEDONAE SEEDS AND
DICOTYLEDONAE SEEDS
Monocot Seed Structure
• Koleoptil = the part that
protects the plumula
• Plumula = candidate leaf
• Radicles = root tips / root
candidates
• Koleoriza = the part that
protects the radicles
• Skutelum = absorbing food
reserves
• Endosperms = food reserves
• Dicotyledon Seed Structure
• Seed coat = the part that
covers the entire seed
• Plumula = candidate leaf
• Epicotile = found above the
base / stem
• Hypocotyl = the base / stem
• Radicle = is at the root end /
root candidate
• Cotyledons = food reserves
Difference between Monocotyledonous and Dicotyledonous Seeds
• Monocotyledon seeds contain one cotyledon while a dicotyledon
contains two cotyledons.
• Monocotyledon seed cotyledons are generally long and thin,
whereas dicotyledon seed cotyledons are thick and fleshy.
• Large dicot seed embryos while small monocot seeds.
• Dikotil seeds contain large small feathers and folded small feather
leaves, while monocotyledon seeds contain very small feathers and
rolled up small feather leaves.
• hilum and micropyle dicot seeds are clearly visible while
monocotyledon seeds are not visible.
• Custard apples and opium seeds are examples of albuminou
dicotyellites while cereals, millet, and palm seeds are some
examples of monocot albiuminou seeds.
• Grams, peas, mangoes and mustard seeds are some examples of
exalbuminou dicot seeds, while orchids are examples of
exalbuminous monocotyledon seeds.