CODES

Group 4
Wice Marsella
Muhammad Rafiq Tanjung
Vika Nur Rohma
Diaglossia
A diglossic situation exists in a society when it has 2 distinct codes which show
clear functional separation ; that is one code is employed in one set of
circumstance and then/ in an entirely different set.
e.g : Arabic, Swiss, Geman, Haitian (French and Creole), and Greek

High variety (H)  formal, delivering sermons, formal lecture, political speeches,
writing poetry, fine literature

Low variety (L)  informal, giving instuction to workers in low prestige

occupations / household servant, conversation with familiars, captions on political
cartoons in newspaper.
According to Ferguson  it is likely to come into being when :
1. There is a sizeable body of literature in a language closely related to (or)
even identical with) the natural language of the community
2. Literacy in the community is limited to a small elite
 Bilingualism and multilingualism
Bilingualism  ability to use 2 languages
Multilingualism  ability to use more than 2 languages
Normal requirement to speak several languages
Usually acquired naturally and unselfconciously
Usually norm in community
It results from the pattern of mariage and the living arrangements consequent to
marriage
E.G  Tukano of the northwest amazon, Siane, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay
Sridhar :
Multilingualism involving balanced, nativelike command of all the languages
in the repertoire is rather uncommon
Multilinguals develop competence in each of the code to the extent that they
ned it and for the context in which of the languages is used
 CODE-SWITCHING
People select a Can occur in Can arise from
particular code conversation individual choice
when speak and between or be used as a
decide to mix speakers turns or major identity
code even within within single for a group
short utterances speakers turn.
and thereby
create a new
code in a process

As Gal (1988, p.247) code switching is a conversational strategy used to establish,

cross or destroy group boundaries, to create , evoke or change interpersonal
relations with their rights and obligations.
Kinds of Code-Switching :

Situational

Metaphorical

EXAMPLE
• In multilingual country like Singapore, Singapore has four official language :

1. English
2. Mandarin variety of Chinese
3. Tamil
4. Malay
In study of code-switching within Chinese. English bilingual families in
Tyneside, England, Li (1995) and Li and Milroy (1995) show how effective a
switch from the unmarked variety. In this case, Chinese to the marked variety,
in this case english can be when a mother asks her 12 year old son in English
rather than chinese, why he has not finisher his homewok
 Accomodation

Accomodation is one way of explaining how individuals and groups may be seen to
relate to each others
One individual can try to induce another to judge him or her more favorably by
reducing differences between the 2
1. Converenge behaviour
2. Divergence behaviour
Giles and Coupland explain speech accomodation as a multiply organized and
contextually complex set of alternatives, regularly available to communicators in
face-to-face talk.