Repeated-Measures Analysis of

Variance (ANOVA)
 When to use….
• a Treatments/Conditions to compare
• N subjects to be included in study (each subject will receive
only one treatment)
• n subjects receive trt i: an = N
• t time periods of data will be obtained
• Effects of trt, time and trtxtime interaction of primary interest.
• Between Subject Factor: Treatment
• Within Subject Factors: Time, TrtxTime
 Assumptions
1. The observations within each sample must be
independent.
2. The population distribution within each treatment
must be normal.
3. The variances of the population distributions for
each treatment should be equivalent.
 Repeated-Measures ANOVA
ANOVA is a hypothesis-testing procedure that is used
to evaluate mean differences between two or more
treatments.

Repeated-measures designs are used commonly to

examine development (over time), to chart the
course of learning (at different levels of practice),
or simply to examine performance under different
conditions.
Repeated-Measures ANOVA

Independent variable: Practice

Practice Practice Practice
Session 1 Session 2 Session 3
Number of Number of Number of
errors made errors made errors made

Rats are tested in the maze in one daily session for three days
 Example

A school psychologist would like to test the effectiveness of behavior-modification

technique in controlling classroom outbursts of unruly children. A teacher is
instructed to use the response-cost technique. Every time a child disrupts the
class, he or she is told that the behavior has cost him or her 10 minutes of free
time. That is, the free-time period is shortened for each unruly act. For a sample
of n=4 children, the number of outburst is measured for a day before treatment is
initiated and again one week, one month, and six months after the response-cost
technique began (Note that the measurements taken after the response-cost
technique is administered serve as a long term follow-up on the effectiveness of
the treatment).
 Logic of Repeated-Measures ANOVA

Subjects Before One week One month Six months

treatment later later later
A 8 2 1 1
B 4 1 1 0
C 6 2 0 2
D 8 3 4 1
 Post hoc tests
In ANOVA, when you reject the null hypothesis, you conclude
that the means are not all the same.

Post hoc test are done after ANOVA when

1. You reject the null hypothesis AND,
2. There are 3 or more treatments
 Advantage & Disadvantage
 If there is large variability due to individual
differences, treatment effect might be masked by
this variability.

Repeated measures ANOVA eliminates this drawback.

 Carry-over effects & Progressive errors…

 Example
The following data were obtained to compare three
experimental treatments.
Treatments
a. If these data were obtained from an
1 2 3
independent measures design, then could you
conclude that there is a significant difference 0 1 2
among the treatment conditions?
2 5 5
b. If these data were obtained from an 1 2 6
repeated measures design so that each row scores
5 4 9
represents data from a single subject, then could you
conclude that there is a significant difference 2 8 8
among the treatment conditions?