DC MACHINES

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Contents:
 What is DC machine
 Types of DC Machine
 Principle of DC Generator
 Construction of DC Generator
 Types of Generator

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What is DC machine
 DC machines are similar to AC machines: i.e. they have AC voltages
and current within them. DC machines have DC outputs just because
they have a mechanism converting AC voltages to DC voltages at
their terminals.
 This mechanism is called a commutator;

s..The simplest DC rotating machine consists of a single loop of wire
rotating about a fixed axis. The magnetic field is supplied by the
North and South poles of the magnet.
 Rotor is the rotating part;
 Stator is the stationary part.

s..

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Types of DC Machine
 Basically of two types:-
 D.C Motor
 D.C. Generator
 D.C Motor :-
 The conversion of electrical energy to mechanical energy is
achieve by using by a motor.
 D.C. Generator:-
 The DC generator is rotated by a prime mover and produce a dc
voltage can be AC generator or DC generator
 An electric generator converts the mechanical energy to electrical
energy(electricity).

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Principle of DC Generator
 Its operates on the principle of dynamically induced emf in a
conductor.
 Its work on the basis of Faraday’s Law of Induction:- its state that
the induced EMF in any closed circuit is equal to the time rate of
change of the magnetic flux through the circuit

 The magnitude of induced emf is directly proportional to the rate of

change of flux.
 The direction of induced voltage in the armature winding as the
Right hand rule.
 DC Generator are similar to AC Generator : i.e. they have AC
voltages and current within them. DC machines have DC outputs just
because they have a mechanism converting AC voltages to DC
voltages at their terminals with the help of commutator.
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Construction of DC Generator
 Construction of DC Generator are shown in given figure :-
 Yoke
 Field winding
 Poles
 Armature
 Commutator, (Brushes)
 Bearing

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 Yoke :-
 Cylindrical yoke is usually used which act as a frame of the
generator and carries the magnetic poles
 Its provide the mechanical support for the pole
 A small dc machines the yoke are made of cast iron.

 Poles, ples shoe

 Pole of generator is an electromagnet.
 The field winding is wound over the pole
 Pole produce the magnetic flux when the field winding is excited
 Poles shoe is extended part of pole.
 Due to its shape more magnetic flux can pass through the air gap to
armature
 The construction of poles is laminated of particular shape.
 This is to reduce the power loss due to eddy current
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  Field winding:-
 The coil wound around the pole core are called field winding
 These coil are connected in series to form the field winding.
 Current passing in this coil in specific direction, to magnetize the
pole and pole shoe.
 The magnetic flux produced in the air gap between the pole shoe
and armature
 Due to current flowing through the field winding alternate N and S
poles are produce

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  Armature core :-
 Armature core is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft.
 Large no. of slots all over the its.
 All these slots are parallel to the shaft axis.
 Armature conductor are place in these slots
 Armature core provide a low reluctances path to the flux produce
by the field winding.
 Cast steel or cast iron are used for the armature core
 Air hole are provided for the air circulation which helps in
cooling the armature core

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  Armature winding :-
 Armature conductor made of copper.
 These are place in the armature slots present on the armature core.
 Armature cunductor are interconnected to form armature winding
 armature winding is rotated using prime mover, its cuts magnetic
flux line and voltage gets induced in it.
 Armature winding is connected to the circuit (Load) through the
commutator and brush.

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  Commutator:-
 Commutator is a cylindrical drum mounted on the shaft along
with the armature core.
 It is made of a large number of wedge shaped segment hard
drawn copper.
 These segment are insulated to each other by thin layer of mica.
 It is convert the alternating emf to DC voltage.

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Types of Armature winding :-
 The slot of the armature drum contain the armature conductor
 These armature conductor are connected in specific manner.
 Armature winding are classified in two types.
 Lap winding:
 Wave winding:
 Lap winding:
 For lap winding the number of parallel path is exactly equal to the
no. of pole
 No. of parallel path (A) = No. of poles(P)

 Wave winding:-
 This type of winding will create only two parallel path
irrespective of the no. of poles.
 No. of parallel path (A) = 2
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E.M.F equation of DC generator
 A equation of emf can be obtained as:
 According to faradays law of induction, magnitude of induced
emf in a conductor is.

 For one complete revolution of the conductor ,the flux flux cut by
the conductor is (P𝜙) Wb
 Total time required to complete one revolution is 60/N second

 Z is no. of conductor are divide in ‘A’ parallel group,

 There for Z/A conductor in a series in each group
 EMF induced in total armature winding is
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Types of Generator Direct Current
(DC) Generator
 Separately excited DC generator

 self- Excited DC generator Separately Self Excited

 Series wound generator Excited

 Shunt wound generator

 Compound wound generator Series Compound Shunt
 Short-shunt Compound wound generator
 long-shunt compound wound generator

 Separately excited DC generator:-

A dc generator whose field winding is
excited from an independent external
dc source such as a battery, this type of
generator is called a Separately excited DC generator.
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Self- Excited DC Generator
 A dc generator whose field winding is excited from an independent
external Current supplied by the generator itself this type of
generator is called a self excited generator
 Series wound generator:-
 In the Series wound generator, there is only one field winding .
 Which connected in series with armature winding , so that whole
current flow through the field winding as well as load.
 Some important relation are :

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  Shunt wound generator:-
 In the shunt wound generator, there is only one field winding, as in
case of series winding generator
 But in this case it is connected across the armature circuit forming
a parallel or shunt circuit.
 The load current IL and the shunt current Ish close the circuit at the
– ve brush and their sum is equal to armature current.

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 Compound wound generator:-
 In the compound winding generator , there are two field winding
(two separate coil on the core of each pole)
 One of them is connected across the armature
 Other is connected in series with the armature winding,

Compound generator are also of the two types

 (a) Short-shunt Compound wound generator

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  (b) long-shunt compound wound generator
.

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Question
 Calculate the voltage induced in a armature winding of a 4- pole, lap wound
dc machine having 728 active conductors and runing at 1800 rpm, the flux
per pole is 30 mWb.
 Sol:- given, flux per pole = 30 mWb = 0.03 Wb
 No. of armature conductor , Z = 728
 Speed N = 1800 rpm ,
 No. of pole , P = 4
 Number of parallel paths, A = P

 voltage induced = ?

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 DC Motor
 Electromechanical device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy.

 The direct current (dc) machine can be used as a motor.

 The electronically controlled ac drives are gradually replacing

the dc motor drives in factories.

 Large number of dc motors are still used by industry.

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Principle of operation of a DC Motor
 In a dc motor, the stator poles Rotation
are supplied by dc excitation Ir_dc/2 Ir_dc Ir_dc/2
Brush Pole
current, which produces a dc Shaft
winding

magnetic field.
|
1
2
8
 The rotor is supplied by dc 3
current through the brushes, N 7
S
6 4
commutator and coils. 5

Insulation Copper
 The interaction of the magnetic Rotor Ir_dc segment
field and rotor current generates Winding

a force that drives the motor

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Cont…
 The direction of rotation depends on the
direction of magnetic field produce by
the field winding as well as the direction
of armature current.

 Direction of rotation is decided by the

fleming’s left hand rule(also called
motor rule).

 The magnitude of the mechanical force

experience on the conductor is given by :
 F = B . Ic . lc newtons

 B is magnetic strength in teslas

 Ic is current flowing through the conductor in amperes
 Lcis the length of conductor in meter
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 Construction of DC Motor
 The basic construction of
DC motor is same as DC
generator .

 Main difference is that in the

DC motor we connect the
field winding as well as
armature winding to DC
supply.

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Important of Back EMF
 The motor armature continuous to rotate due to the motor action , the
armature conductor cut the magnetic flux and therefore emf are
induced in them. The direction of induced emf , known as back emf.
It opposes the applied voltage.
 The back emf is induced to generation action, the magnitude of its
therefore given by the same expression as that for the generated emf
in a generator.

 The applied voltage V must be larger enough to

balance both the voltage drop in armature resistance
and the back emf at all time.


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Types of Motors

Electric Motors

Alternating Current Direct Current (DC)

(AC) Motors Motors

Synchronous Induction Separately Self Excited

Excited

Single-Phase Three-Phase Series Compound Shunt

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Separately Excited DC Motor
 These motors have field coils
similar to those of a shunt
wound machine

 But the armature and field coil

are fed from different supply
source

power drown from main supply ,P = VI

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  Series wound DC Motor:-

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  Shunt wound DC Motor:-

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  Compound wound DC Motor:-

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.

THANK YOU

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