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Design of Grounding System in Substation Using Etap: Guided By:-Group Members
Design of Grounding System in Substation Using Etap: Guided By:-Group Members
S.NO. TITLE
1 Purpose of grounding
2 Touch potential
3 Step potential
4 Human safety
5 Selection of conductor and joints
6 Minimum size
7 What is good grounding
8 Referances
Purpose of Grounding
1 mA Threshold of perception
1-6 mA Let go currents
9-25 mA Pain full, hard to let go
25-60 mA Muscular contractions
60-100 mA Ventricular fibrillation
0.116
Maximum Body Current: Ik = for t = .03s to 3s
√t
Selection of Conductors and Joints
Basic requirement
• Each element in grounding system including grid
conductors, joints, connecting leads and all
primary grounding electrodes should be design
for the expected design life of installation, the
element will be.
• Have sufficient conductivity.
• Resist fusing and mechanical deterioration
under most adverse combination of a fault
current magnitude and duration.
• Be mechanically reliable and rugged to a high
degree, especially on location exposed to
corrosion and physical abuse.
Choice of material related to
corrosion problems
Copper
• High conductivity
• Resist to underground corrosion – cathodic with respect to other
metals
• Disadvantage - Form a galvanic cell with buried steel structure,
pipes, and any of lead-based alloy that may present in cable
shealth
Aluminum
• Used less frequently
• Corrode in certain soils – layer of corrode material is
nonconductive for all practical grounding purpose
• Gradual corrosion due to alternating currents
Steel
• Eliminate most of the adverse effects of copper
• Use application of galvanized or corrosion-resistant steel in
combination of cathodic protection to extend life
Selection of joints