Computer Programming 1: Ma. Rhodora R. Gallo Instructor

CC 112
COMPUTER PROGRAMMING 1
MA. RHODORA R. GALLO

Instructor
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LOGO MIDTERM
PART 1.
INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
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LOGO INTRODUCTION TO PROGRAMMING
Programming
 (or Computer Programming) is the process of
designing, writing, testing, debugging, and maintaining
the source code of computer programs.
 This source code is written in one or more programming
languages.
 The purpose of programming is to create a set of
instruction that computers can use to perform specific
operations or to exhibit desired behaviors.
 The process of writing source code often requires
expertise in many different subjects, including
knowledge of the application domain, specialized
algorithms and formal logic.
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Programming Language
 It is an artificial language designed to communicate
instructions to a machine, particularly a computer.
 Programming languages can be used to create
programs that control the behavior of a machine and/or
to express algorithms precisely.
 The description of a programming language usually
splits into the two components of syntax (form) and
semantics (meaning)
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Examples of Programming Language?

 C++
 FORTRAN
 Java
 Pascal
 Cobol
C++ (pronounced “see plus plus”) is a statically typed,
freeform, multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose
programming language. It is one of the more popular
programming languages and is implemented on a wide
variety of hardware and operating system platforms.
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Program
 It is a collection of a set of instructions or operations which
are organized so that they are executed or carried out in a
systematic manner.
 An organized list of instructions that, when executed,
causes the computer to behave in a predetermined
manner.
 Without programs, computers are useless.
 A program is like a recipe. It contains a list of
ingredients(called variables) and a list of directions(called
statements) that tell the computer what to do with the
variables. The variables can represent numeric data, text,
or graphical images.
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Elements of a Program
 All programming languages have some primitive building
blocks for the description of data and the processes or
transformations applied to them (like the addition of two
numbers or the selection of an item from a collection).
These primitives are defined by syntactic and semantic
rules which describe their structure and meaning
respectively.
SYNTAX - refers to the notation used to write things
SEMANTICS - refers to the meaning of languages, as
opposed to their form (syntax).
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Elements of a Program
There are several elements which
programming languages, and programs written in
them, typically contain. These elements are found in
all languages.
 Variables
 Assignments
 Conditionals
 Statements
 Control Flow Constructs (Loops)
 Functions
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Basic Steps in Writing a Program
 Specify the problem
 Analyse and break down into series of steps towards
solution, (i.e., design a pseudocode (English
instructions), an algorithm or a flowchart)
 Write the source code in the computer language
 Compile the program
 Run your program and see if it makes the computer do
what you wanted
 If not, fix or “debug” the program, and compile and run it
again.
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Pseudocode
 It is an artificial and informal language that helps
programmers develops algorithms.
 Pseudocode is very similar to everyday English.
Example:
Pseudocode that reads two numbers, compute the sum of two numbers
then display the result:
 Input first number
 Input second number
 Calculate the sum by adding the first and second number
 Print Sum
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Algorithm
 A list of instructions for carrying out some process step
by step.
 Procedure or formula for solving a problem
 A sequence of precise instructions that leads to a
solution
 Some approximately equivalent words are recipe,
methods, directions, procedures and routine
 Computer programs are algorithms written in a language
designed such that the algorithm can be executed on a
computer.
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Algorithm
Example:
Algorithm that reads two numbers, compute the sum of
two numbers then display the result:
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input First Number
Step 3: Input Second Number
Step 4: Calculate Sum=First Number + Second Number
Step 5: Output Sum
Step 6: End
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Flowchart
 It is a graphical representation of an algorithm
 It is drawn using certain special-purpose symbols
connected by arrows called flow lines.
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Basic Flowchart Symbols and Descriptions
The terminator is used to show where your flow
begins or ends. (Oval)
Start/End of the Program

(Terminal/Terminator)
(Oval)
The Input/Output (I/O) Shape shows the Inputs to

and Outputs from a process. (Parallelogram)
Input / Output Operation

(Parallelogram)
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The Process Symbol represents any process,
function, or action and is the most frequently used
symbol in flowcharting. (Rectangle)
Processing/Computational Steps
(Rectangle)
Shows a point in the process where a decision is

made that leads to different processing steps. This
shape is quite unique with two arrows coming out of
it. One corresponding to Yes or True and one
corresponding to No or False. The arrows should
always be labeled to avoid confusion in the process
Decision Making
(Diamond) flow. (Diamond)
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Denotes the direction and order of the process steps.
(Arrows)
Flow Lines
(Arrow)
On-page connectors continue the flow on the same

page and are defined with an alpha character starting
with A. (Small Circle)
On Page Connector
(Small Circle)
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Off-Page Connector continues the flow to another

page. Off-page connectors are defined with an alpha
character and the reference to the page to which the
flow is going, or the page from which the flow has
Off Page Connector
come, depending on the nature of the connector.
(Small Pentagon)
(Small Pentagon)
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Pseudocode, Algorithm and Flowchart that reads two numbers, compute
the sum of two numbers then display the result:
PSEUDOCODE FLOWCHART
 Calculate the sum by adding the
first and second number
 Print Sum
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 3: Input Second Number
Step 4: Calculate Sum=First Number +
Second Number
Step 5: Output Sum
Step 6: End
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Pseudocode, Algorithm and Flowchart that reads two numbers, compute
the sum of two numbers then display the result:
PSEUDOCODE FLOWCHART
Start
 Calculate the sum by adding the
first and second number Read First
Number
 Print Sum
Read Second
ALGORITHM Number
Step 1: Start
Calculate Sum=First Number +
Step 3: Input Second Number Second Number
Step 4: Calculate Sum=First Number +
Second Number
Step 5: Output Sum Print Sum
Step 6: End
End
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Pseudocode, Algorithm and Flowchart that reads the midterm and final grade,
calculate the average of two numbers then display the result. If the result of average
is greater than or equal to 75 print the text PASSED, else, end the program:
PSEUDOCODE
 Input midterm grade
 Input final grade
 Calculate the average
 Print Average
 If average is greater than or equal to 75
print PASSED
ALGORITHM
Step 1: Start
Step 2: Input Midterm Grade
Step 3: Input Final Grade
Step 4: Calculate Average
Step 5: Print Average
Step 6: If Average>=75 print PASSED
Step 7: End
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Pseudocode, Algorithm and Flowchart that reads the midterm and final grade,
calculate the average of two numbers then display the result. If the result of
average is greater than or equal to 75, print the text PASSED, else, end the
program: FLOWCHART
Start
Read Midterm
Grade Yes
Average>=75 Print PASSED
Read Final
Grade
No
Calculate Average End
Print Average
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LOGO
PART 2.
INTRODUCTION TO C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
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LOGO INTRODUCTION TO C++ PROGRAMMING LANGUAGE
C++ Programming Language

 C++ is one of the most popular programmng languages
and is implemented on a wide variety of hardware and
operating system platforms.
 (pronounced “see plus plus”) is statically typed, freeform,
multi-paradigm, compiled, general-purpose programming
language.
 It is regarded as an intermediate-level language, as it
comprises both high-level and low-level language
features.
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History of C++ Programming Language

 The C++ programming language has a history going
back to 1979, when Bjarne Stroustrup was doing work
for his Ph.D. thesis. One of the languages Stroustrup
had the opportunity to work with was a language called
Simula, which as the name implies is a language
primarily designed for simulations.
 Shortly thereafter, he began to work on “C with
Classes”, which as the name implies was meant to be a
superset of the C language. The first C with Classes
compiler was called Cfront, which was derived from a C
compiler called CPre.
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 Cfront would later be abandoned in 1993 after it
became difficult to integrate new features into it.
Nonetheless, Cfront made a huge impact on the
implementations of future compilers and on the Unix
operating system changed from C with Classes to C++.
 In 1985, Stroustrup's reference to the language entitled
The C++ Programming Language was published. That
same year, C++ was implemented as a commercial
product. The language was not officially standardized
yet, making the book a very important reference.
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 The language was updated again in 1989 to include
protected and static members, as well as inheritance
from several classes.
 In 2005, the C++ standards committee released a
technical report detailing various features they were
planning to add to the latest c++ standard.
 In mid-2011, the new C++ standard (dubbed C++11)
was finished.
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C++ Program Typically Go Through 6 Phases

Phase 1: EDITING
Phase 1 consists of editing a file with an editor
program (normally known simply as an editor). You type a
C++ program (typically referred to as source code) using
the editor, make any necessary corrections and save the
program on a secondary storage device, such as your
hard drive.
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Phase 2: PREPROCESSING
In Phase 2, the programmer gives the command to
compile the program. In a C++ system, a preprocessor
program executes automatically before the compiler's
translation phase begins (so we call preprocessing phase
2 and compiling phase 3). The C++ preprocessor obeys
commands called preprocessor directives, which indicate
that certain manipulations are to be performed on the
program before compilation. These manipulations usually
include other text files to be compiled and perform various
text replacements.
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Phase 2: COMPILING
In Phase 3, the compiler translates the C++ program
into machine-language code (also referred to as object
code).
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Phase 4: LINKING
Phase 4 is called linking. C++ programs typically
contain references to functions and data defined
elsewhere, such as in the standard libraries or in the
private libraries of groups of programmers working on a
particular object. The object code produced by the C++
compiler typically contains “holes” due to these missing
parts. A linker links the object code with the code for the
missing functions to produce an executable image (with
no missing pieces). If the program compiles and links
correctly image is produced.
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Phase 5: LOADING
Phase 5 is called loading. Before a program can be
executed, it must first be placed in memory. This is done
by the loader, which takes the executable image from disk
and transfers it to memory. Additional components from
shared libraries that support the program are also loaded.
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Phase 6: EXECUTION
Finally, the computer, under the control of its CPU,
executes the program one instruction at a time.
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LOGO
PART 3.
STRUCTURE OF C++ PROGRAM
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LOGO STRUCTURE OF C++ PROGRAM
Structure of C++ Program

#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main()
{
cout<<””;
system(“Pause”);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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Probably the best way to start learning a programming language is by
writing a program.
First program: Output:
//my first program in C++ Hello World!
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
cout<< “Hello World!”;
system(“Pause”);
return EXIT_SUCCESS;
}
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Understanding the lines of code:
//my first program in C++

• This is a comment line.
• All lines beginning with two slash signs (//) are
considered comments and do not have any effect on the
behavior of the program.
• The programmer can use them to include short
explanations or observations within the source code
itself.
• In this case, the line is a brief description of what our
program is.
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#include <iostream>
• Lines beginning with a hash sign (#) are directives for
the preprocessor.
• They are not regular code lines with expressions but
indications for the compiler's preprocessor.
• In this case, the directive #include<iostream> tells the
preprocessor to include the iostream standard file.
• This specific file (iostream) includes the declarations of
the basic standard input-output library in C++, and it is
included because its functionality is going to be used
later in the program.
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• All the elements of the standard C++ library are
declared within what is called a namespace, the
namespace with the name std.
• So inorder to access its functionality we declare with
this expression that we will be using these entities.
• This line is very frequent in C++ programs that use the
standard library.
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int main ()
• This line corresponds to the beginning of the definition
of the main function.
• The main function is the point by where all C++
programs start their execution, independently of its
location within the source code.
• It does not matter whether there are other functions with
other names defined before or after it - the instructions
contained within this function's definition will always be
the first ones to be executed in any C++ program.
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int main ()
• For that same reason, it is essential that all C++
programs have a main function.
• The word main is followed in the code by a pair of
parentheses (()).
• That is because it is a function declaration:
• In C++, what differentiate a function declaration from
other types of expressions are these parentheses that
follow its name.
• Optionally, these parentheses may enclose a list of
parameters within them
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{}
• Right after these parentheses we can find the body of
the main function enclosed in braces ({}).
• What is contained within these braces is what the
function does when it is executed.
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cout<< “Hello World!”;
• This line is a C++ statement.
• A statement is a simple or compound expression that
can actually produce some effect.
• In fact, this statement performs the only action that
generates a visible effect in our first program.
• cout represents the standard output stream in C++, and
the meaning of the entire statement is to insert a
sequence of characters ( in this case the Hello World
sequence of characters) into the standard output stream
(which is usually the screen).
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LOGO
PART 4.
VARIABLE DECLARATION
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LOGO VARIABLE DECLARATION
Variables
• A portion of memory to store a determined value
• If you declare a variable in C++, you ask the operating
system for a piece of memory. You (can) give this piece
of memory a name and you can store something in that
piece of memory (for later use).
• The name of a variable is called an identifier. You can
give a variable any name you want, as long as it is a
valid identifier.
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Valid Identifier
 A valid identifier is a sequence of one or more letter, digits or
underscores and the identifier must begin with letter. (It is
not possible to start an identifier with a number). It is also not
possible to use punctuation marks, symbols or spaces in an
identifier. Compiler specific keywords or external identifiers
usually begin with an underscore. (It is possible to use an
underscore at the beginning of your identifier, but it is not
recommended)
 The C++ language is a “case sensitive” language. This
means that an identifier with capital letters is not the same
as with normal letters.
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Valid Identifier
 For example: myvar, Myvar, MyVar and MYVAR are four
different variable identifiers.
 The C++ language also uses a set of names that are
reserved. It is not allowed to use these keywords as variable
identifiers (variable names)
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C++ Fundamental Data Types:
Name Description Size* Range*
Char Character or small integer 1 byte signed: -128 to 127
unsigned: 0 to 255
short in (short) Short Integer 2 bytes signed: -32768 to 32767
unsigned: 0 to 65535
Int Integer 4 bytes signed: -2147483648 to
214748367
Long int (long) Long Integer 4 bytes signed: -2147483648 to
214748367
Bool Boolean value. It can take one 1 byte true or false
of two values: true or false
Float Floating point number 4 bytes +/-3.4e +/- 38 (~7 digits)
Double Double precision floating point 8 bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
number
long double Long double precision floating 8 bytes +/- 1.7e +/- 308 (~15 digits)
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Syntax in declaring variable in C++

Type_name Variable_name;
Example:
int num1;
float average;
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• Global Variable
 Global variables are defined outside of all the functions,
usually on top of the program. The global variables will
hold their value throughout the lifetime of your program.
 A global variable can be accessed by any function. That
is, a global variable is available for use throughout your
entire program after its declaration. Following is the
example using global and local variables:
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#include <iostream>
//Global variable declaration:
int g;
int main()
{
//Local variable declaration:
int a, b;
//actual initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
g = a + b;
cout << g;
return 0;
}
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• Local Variables
 Variables that are declared inside a function or block are
local variables.
 They can be used only by statements that are inside that
function or block of code. Local variables are not known

to functions outside their own.
 The scope of local variables is limited to the block
enclosed in braces ({}) where they are declared.

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#include <iostream>
int main()
{
//Local variable declaration:
int a, b;
int c;
//actual initialization
a = 10;
b = 20;
c = a + b;
cout << c;
return 0;
}
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LOGO
PART 5.
BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT
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LOGO BASIC INPUT/OUTPUT
• Using the standard input and output library, the program
will be able to interact with the user by printing messages
on the screen and getting the user's input from the
keyboard.
• C++ uses a convenient abstraction called streams to
perform input and output operations in sequential media
such as the screen or the keyboard. A stream is an object
where a program can either insert or extract characters
to/from it.
• The standard C++ library includes the header file
iostream, where the standard inputnd output stream
objects are declared.
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STANDARD OUTPUT (COUT)

• By default, the standard output of a program is the screen, and the C++
stream object defined to access it is cout.
• cout is used in conjunction with the insertion operator, which is written as
<< (two “less than” signs).
cout<< “Output sentence”; //prints Output sentence on screen
cout<<120; //prints number 120 on screen
cout<<x; // prints the content of x on screen
• The << operator inserts the data that follows it into the stream preceding it.
In the examples above it inserted the constant string Output sentence, the
numerical constant 120 and variable x into the standard output stream
cout.
• Notice the sentence in the first instruction is enclosed between double
quotes (“) because it is a constant string of character. Whenever we want to
use constant strings of characters we must enclose them between double
quotes (“) so that they can be clearly distinguished from variable names.
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For example, these two sentences have very different results:
cout<< “Hello”; //prints Hello

cout<<Hello; //prints the content of Hello variable
• The insertion operator (<<) may be used more than once in a single
statement:
cout<< “Hello I am ” <<age<< “ years old and my zipcode is: ” <<zipcode;
• If we assume the age variable to contain the value 24 and the zipcode
variable to contain 065, the output of the previous statement would be:
Hello I am 24 years old and my zipcode is: 065
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The utility of repeating the insertion operator (<<) is demonstrated
when we want to print out a combination of variables and constants or more
than one variable:
It is important to notice that cout does not add a line break after its
output unless we explicitly indicate it, therefore, the following statements:
cout<< “This is a sentence.”;
cout<< “This is another sentence.”;
will be shown on the screen one following the other without any line
break between them:
This is a sentence. This is another sentence.

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In order to perform a line break on the output we must
explicitly insert a new-line character into cout. In C++,
a new-line character can be specified as \n (backslash, n):
cout<< “First sentence.\n”;

cout<< “Second sentence.\n Third sentence”;
Output:
First sentence.
Second Sentence.
Third sentence.
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STANDARD OUTPUT (cout)

Additionally, to add a new-line, you may also use the endl manipulator.
For example:
cout<< “First sentence.”<<endl;
cout<< “Second sentence.””<<endl;
would print out:
First sentence.
Second Sentence.
The endl manipulator produces a newline character, exactly as the

insertion of '\n' does, but it also has an additional behavior when it is used
with buffered streams: the buffer is flushed. Anyway, cout will be an
unbuffered stream in most cases, so you can generally use both the \n
escape character and the endl manipulator in order to specify a new line
without any difference in its behavior.
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STANDARD INPUT (cin)

The standard input device is usually the keyboard.
Handling the standard input in C++ is done by applying the
overloaded operator of extraction (>>) on the cin stream. The
operator must be followed by the variable that will store the data
that is going to be extracted from the stream.
For example:
int age;
cin>>age;
The first statement declares a variable of type int called

age, and the second one waits for an input from cin (the
keyboard) in order to store it in this integer variable.
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STANDARD INPUT (cin)

//i/o example
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int i;
cout << “Please enter an integer value:
cin>> i;
cout << “The value you entered is”<<i;
cout<<”and its double is” <<i*2<< “\n”;
return 0;
}
Output:
Please enter an integer value: 202
The value you entered is 202 and its double is 404
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LOGO
PART 6.
CONSTANTS
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LOGO CONSTANTS
Constants are expressions with a fixed value.
LITERALS
Literals are used to express particular values within the
source code of a program. For example, when we wrote:
a=5
the 5 in this piece of code was a literal constant.
Literal constants can be divided in Integer Numerals,

Floating-Point Numerals, Characters, Strings and Boolean
Values.
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LOGO CONSTANTS
Integer Numerals
1776
707
-273
They are numerical constants that identify integer decimal

values. Notice that to express a numerical constants we do
not have to write quotes (“) nor any special character.
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LOGO CONSTANTS
Floating Point Numbers

They express numbers with decimals and/or exponents.
They can include either a decimal point, an e character (that
expresses “by ten at the Xth height”, where X is an integer
value that follows the e character), or both a decimal point and
an e character:
3.14159 //3.14159
6.02e23 //6.02 x 10^23
1.6e-19 //1.60 x 10^-19
3.0 //3.0
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LOGO CONSTANTS
Character and string literals
There also exist non-numerical constants, like:
'z'
'p'
“Hello World”
“How do you do”
The first two expressions represent single character

constants, and the following two represent string literals
composed of several characters. Notice that to represent a
single character we enclose it between single quotes (') and
to express a string (which generally consists of more than
one character) we enclose it between double quotes (“).
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LOGO CONSTANTS
Character and string literals
When writing both single character and sting literals, it is

necessary to put the quotation marks surrounding them to
distinguish them from possible variable identifiers or reserved
keywords.
Notice the difference between these two expressions:
x
'x'
x alone would refer to a variable whose identifier is x,

whereas 'x' (enclosed within single quotation marks would
refer to the character constant 'x'.
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LOGO CONSTANTS
Boolean Literals
There are only two valid Boolean values: true and
false. These can be expressed in C++ as values of
type bool by using the Boolean literals true and false.
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LOGO CONSTANTS
DEFINED CONSTANTS
You can define your own names for constants that you use
very often without having to resort to memory consuming
variable, simple by using the #define preprocessor directive.
Its format is:
#define identifier value
For example:
#define PI 3.14159
This defines a constant PI. Once it is define, you can use it

in the rest of the code.
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LOGO CONSTANTS
DEFINED CONSTANTS
//defined constants: calculate circumference
#include <iostream>
#define PI 3.14159
int main()
{
double r = 5.0;
double circumference;
circumference=2*PI*r;
cout<<circumference;
return 0;
}
The #define directive is not a C++ statement but a directive for the
preprocessor; therefore it assumes the entire line as the directive and does
not require a semicolon (;) at its end.
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LOGO CONSTANTS
DECLARED CONSTANTS (const)
With the const prefix you can declare constants with a specific type in
the same way as you would do with a variable:
For example:
const int pathwidth=100
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LOGO
PART 7.
OPERATORS IN C++
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LOGO OPERATORS IN C++
Operators in C++ are mostly made of signs that are not

part of the alphabet but are available in all keyboards.
ASSIGNMENT
The assignment operator assigns a value to a variable.
a = 5;
 This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the variable a.

 The part at the left of the assignment operator (=) is known
as the lvalue (left value) and the right one as the rvalue
(right value).
 The lvalue has to be a variable whereas the rvalue can be
either a constant, a variable, the result of an operation
or any combination of these.
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ASSIGNMENT
The most important rule when assigning is the right-to-left

rule: The assignment operation always takes place from right
to left, and never the other way.
a = 5;
 This statement assigns to variable a (the lvalue) the value

contained in variable b (the rvalue).
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ARITHMETIC OPERATORS
The five arithmetical operations supported by the C++ language are:
+ Addition
- Subtraction
* Multiplication
/ Division
% Modulo
 Operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division literally

correspond with their respective mathematical operators. Modulo is the
operation that gives the remainder of a division of two values.
 For example, if we write:
a=11%3
 The variable a will contain the value 2, since 2 is the remainder from
dividing 11 between 3.
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INCREASE AND DECREASE (++,--)

The increase operator (++) and the decrease operator(--)
increase or reduce by the value stored in a variable. They
are equivalent to +=1 and to -=1, respectively. Thus:
c++;
c+=1;
c=c+1;
are all equivalent in its functionality: the three of them
increase by one the value of c.
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RELATIONAL AND EQUALITY OPERATORS

In order to evaluate a comparison between the two expressions, we can
use the relational and equality operators. The result of a relational
operation is a Boolean value that can only be true or false, according to its
Boolean result. We may want to compare two expressions, for example, to
know if they are equal of ir one is greater than the other. Here is a list of the
relational and equality operators that can be used in C++.
== Equal to
!= Not equal to
> Greater than
< Less than
>= Greater than or equal to
<= Less than or equal to
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RELATIONAL AND EQUALITY OPERATORS
Here are some examples:
(7==5) //evaluates to false
(5>4) //evaluates to true
(3!=2) //evaluates to true
(6>=6) //evaluates to true
(5<5) //evaluates to false
Instead of using only numeric constants, we can use any valid expression,
including variables. Suppose that a=2, b=3 and c=6
(a==5) //evaluates to false since a is not equal to 5
(a*b>=c) //evaluates to true since (2*3>=6) is true.
(b+4>a*c) //evaluates to false since (3+4>2*6) is false.
((b=2)==a) //evaluates to true
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LOGICAL OPERATORS
&& OPERATOR
The logical operators && and || are used when evaluating two
expressions to obtain a single relational result. The operator &&
corresponds with Boolean logical operation AND. This operation results
true if both its two operands are true, and false otherwise. The
following panel shows the result of operator && evaluating the expression
a && b:
A B a && b
True True True
True False False
False True False
False False False
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LOGICAL OPERATORS
|| OPERATOR
The operator || corresponds with Boolean logical operation OR.
This operation results true if either one of its operands is true,
thus being false only when both operands are false themselves.
Here are the possible results of a||b:
A B a || b
True True True
True False True
False True True
False False False
((5==5)&&(3>6)) //evaluates to false (true && false)
((5==5)||(3>6)) //evaluates to true (true || false)
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LOGO
PART 8.
CONTROL STRUCTURES
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LOGO CONTROL STRUCTURES
C++ provides control structures that serve to specify

what has to be done by the program, when and under which
circumstances.
A statement can be either a simple statement (a simple
instruction ending with a semicolon) or a compound statement
(several instructions grouped in a block).
In the case that we want the statement to be a simple
statement, we do not need to enclose it in braces ({}). But in
the case that we want the statement to be a compound
statement it must be enclosed between braces ({}), forming a
block.
{statement1; statement2; statement3;}
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CONDITIONAL STRUCTURE: if and else
The if keyword is used to execute a statement or block only if a
condition is fulfilled. Its form is:
if (condition) statement
where condition is the expression that is being evaluated. If this condition is

true, statement is executed. If it is false, statement is ignored (not executed)
and the program continues right after this conditional structure.
For example, the following code fragment prints x is 100 only if the value
stored in the x variable is indeed 100:
if (x==100)
cout<< “x is 100”;
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If we want more than a single statement to be executed in case that
the condition is true, we can specify a block using braces { }:
if (x==100)
{
cout<< “x is ”;
cout<< x;
}
We can additionally specify what we want to happen if the condition is not

fulfilled by using the keyword else. Its form used in conjunction with if is:
if (condition) statement1 else statement2
For example:
if (x==100)
cout<< “x is 100”;
else
cout<< “x is not 100”;
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The if + else structures can be concatenated with the intention of verifying

a range of values.
Example:
if (x > 0)
cout<< “x is positive”;
else if (x < 0)
cout<< “x is negative”;
else
cout<< “x is 0”;
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THE SELECTIVE STRUCTURE: SWITCH
The syntax of the switch statement is a bit peculiar. Its objective is to
check several possible constant values for an expression.
Its form is the following:
switch (expression)
{
case constant1:
group of statements 1;
break;
case constant2:
group of statements 2;
break;
.
.
default:
default group of statements
}
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It works in the following way: switch evaluates
expression and checks if it is equivalent to constant1, if it is, it
executes group of statements 1 until it finds the break
statement. When it finds this break statement, the program
jumps to the end of the of the switch selective structure. If
expression was not equal to constant1, it will be checked
against constant2. If it is equal to this, it will execute group of
statements 2 until a break keyword is found, and then will jump
to the end of the switch selective structure.
Finally, if the value of expression did not match any of
the previously specified constants (you can include as many
case labels as values you want to check), the program will
execute the statements included after the default: label, if it
exists (since it is optional).
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switch example if-else equivalent
switch (x) {
case 1:
break;
case 2:
break;
default:
cout<<”value of x unknown”;
}
if (x==1){
}
else if (x==2){
}
else {
cout<< “value of x unknown”;
}
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ITERATION STRUCTURES (LOOPS)
Loops has a purpose to repeat a statement a certain number of
times or while a condition is fulfilled.
THE WHILE LOOP

Its functionality is simply to repeat statement while the condition set
in expression is true.
Syntax:
while (expression) statement
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THE WHILE LOOP
For example, we are going to make a program to countdown using
a while-loop:
//custom countdown using while
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
int n;
cout<< “Enter the starting number:”;
cin>> n;
while (n>0) {
cout<<n<<”,”;
--n;
}
cout<< “FIRE!\n”;
return 0;
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THE DO-WHILE LOOP
Syntax: Example:
do statement while (condition); //number echoer
#include <iostream>
Its functionality is exactly the using namespace std;
same as the while loop,
int main()
except that condition in the {
do-while loop is evaluated unsigned long n;
after the execution of
do {
statement instead of before,
cout<< “Enter number (0 to end):”;
granting at least one cin>> n;
execution of statement even cout<< “You entered:” <<n<< “\n”;
if condition is never fulfilled. } while (n != 0);
return 0;
}
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THE FOR LOOP
Syntax: for (initialization; condition; increase) statement;
Its main function is to repeat statement while condition remains true,

like the while loop. But in addition, the for loop provides specific locations to
contain an initialization statement and an increase statement. So this loop is
specially designed to performed a repetitive action with a counter which is
initialized and increased on each iteration.
It works in the following way:
1. initialization is executed. Generally, it is an initial value setting for a counter
variable. This is executed only once.
2. condition is checked. It is is true, the loop continues, otherwise the loop ends
and statement is skipped (not executed).
3. statement is executed. As usual, it can be either a single statement or a
block enclosed in braces {}.
4. finally, whatever is specified in the increase field is executed and the
loop gets back to step 2.
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THE FOR LOOP
Here is an example of countdown using a for loop:
//custom using a for loop
#include <iostream>
int main()
{
for (int x=3; x>0; x--) {
cout<<x<<”,”;
}
cout<< “FIRE!\n”;
return 0;
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JUMP STATEMENTS Example:
The break statement //break loop example
#include <iostream>
Using break we can leave a using namespace std;
loop even if the condition for
its end is not fulfilled. It can int main()
{
be used to end an infinite int n;
loop, or to force it to end for (n=10; n>0; n--)
before its natural end. {
cout<<n<<“,”;
For example, we are if (n==3)
going to stop the count {
down before its natural end cout<< “countdown aborted!”;
break;
(maybe because of an
}
engine check failure?): }
return 0;
}
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The continue statement Example
//continue loop example
The continue statement #include <iostream>
causes the program to skip using namespace std;
the rest of the loop in the
current iteration as if the int main()
{
end of the statement block for (int n=10; n>0; n--) {
had been reached, causing if (n==5) continue;
it to jump to the start of the cout<< n << “ , ”;
}
following iteration. cout<< “FIRE!\n”;
For example, we are return 0;
going to skip the number 5 }
in the countdown:
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The goto statement
goto allows to make an absolute jump to another point in the
program. You should use this feature with caution since its
execution causes an unconditional jump ignoring any type of
nesting limitations.
The exit statement

exit is a function defined in the cstdlib library.
The purpose of exit is to terminate the current program with a
specific exit code.
Its prototype is:
void exit (int exitcode);

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CC 112

MA. RHODORA R. GALLO

Examples of Programming Language?

Start/End of the Program

The Input/Output (I/O) Shape shows the Inputs to

Input / Output Operation

Shows a point in the process where a decision is

On-page connectors continue the flow on the same

Off-Page Connector continues the flow to another

Calculate Average End

C++ Programming Language

History of C++ Programming Language

History of C++ Programming Language

History of C++ Programming Language

C++ Program Typically Go Through 6 Phases

C++ Program Typically Go Through 6 Phases

C++ Program Typically Go Through 6 Phases

C++ Program Typically Go Through 6 Phases

C++ Program Typically Go Through 6 Phases

C++ Program Typically Go Through 6 Phases

Structure of C++ Program

Understanding the lines of code:

//my first program in C++

Understanding the lines of code:

Understanding the lines of code:

using namespace std;

Understanding the lines of code:

Understanding the lines of code:

Understanding the lines of code:

Understanding the lines of code:

Syntax in declaring variable in C++

function or block of code. Local variables are not known

enclosed in braces ({}) where they are declared.

STANDARD OUTPUT (COUT)

STANDARD OUTPUT (COUT)

cout<< “Hello”; //prints Hello

STANDARD OUTPUT (COUT)

This is a sentence. This is another sentence.

STANDARD OUTPUT (COUT)

cout<< “First sentence.\n”;

STANDARD OUTPUT (cout)

The endl manipulator produces a newline character, exactly as the

STANDARD INPUT (cin)

The first statement declares a variable of type int called

STANDARD INPUT (cin)

Constants are expressions with a fixed value.

Literal constants can be divided in Integer Numerals,

They are numerical constants that identify integer decimal

Floating Point Numbers

The first two expressions represent single character

When writing both single character and sting literals, it is

x alone would refer to a variable whose identifier is x,

This defines a constant PI. Once it is define, you can use it

Operators in C++ are mostly made of signs that are not

 This statement assigns the integer value 5 to the variable a.

The most important rule when assigning is the right-to-left

 This statement assigns to variable a (the lvalue) the value

 Operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division literally

INCREASE AND DECREASE (++,--)

RELATIONAL AND EQUALITY OPERATORS

C++ provides control structures that serve to specify

where condition is the expression that is being evaluated. If this condition is