The interaction of Urban Agriculture and

Infectious Diseases

Food Security of Indonesia in 2035

2 November 2017, Dikky Indrawan

Increasing pressure on the food systems

Population growth & demand of food Global warming and food production
Urban Agriculture Reasons

 Economics
● Job Opportunity (Parece, et al., 2016)
● Profit : individuals looking to start their own urban
greenhouses can add value to their business and
derive profit. (Singer and Brumfield, 2017)
 Food Security
● Food availability (Parece, et al., 2016)

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Urban Agriculture driven by Food Security

 Health Goals
for
HEALTHY
people
sustainable
FOOD
systems

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Types of Urban Agriculture

 Urban and peri-urban agriculture (UPA) occurs within and

surrounding the boundaries of cities throughout the world and
includes products from crop and livestock agriculture, fisheries and
forestry in the urban and peri-urban area. It also includes non-
wood forest products, as well as ecological services provided by
agriculture, fisheries and forestry. Often multiple farming and
gardening systems exist in and near a single city. (FAO 1999)

 Urban agriculture has been defined as ‘...an industry that

produces, processes and markets food and fuel, largely in response
to the daily demand of consumers within a town, city or metropolis,
on land and water dispersed throughout the urban and peri-urban
area, applying intensive production methods, using and reusing
natural resources and urban wastes, to yield a diversity of crops and
livestock.' (UNDP 1996)

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 Differences Between Urban and Peri-Urban

Term Urban Peri-Urban

Working hours • Part-time • Full time
Technology • smaller plot sizes • larger plot sizes
• more commercialized agriculture
land use • smaller areas cultivated • larger areas cultivated
• more subsistence
production
natural • lower availability • higher availability
resources
air quality • poor • better
production • primarily subsistence • Primarily market oriented
production
management • mostly small scale • medium to large scale agriculture
strategies agriculture
crops • small-scale • Intensive
produced • scattered • market-oriented
• low-value crops • high value crops
practised by • poor urban dwellers for • groups and individuals with ready 7

subsistence access to capital markets

Urban Agriculture

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Peri-Urban Agriculture
Which Direction of Indonesia Types of
Urban Agriculture?

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Challenge on Urban Agriculture

 Multiple Pathways of Human and environmental well-

being
● Good Scenario
● Bad Scenario
 Is the scenario include Global One Health?
● Human Health Goal?
● Interaction with infectious disease?
● Vector Disease
● Foodborne Disease

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Economic Costs and Benefits of UPA
(Nugent ,1999)
BENEFITS COST
Agricultural Output Land
Economic Diversity Water
Indirect Economic Activity Labour Time
Recretional Activity Seeds and Plants
Food Security Benefits Tools and Equipment
Dietary Diversity Energy Input (Fuel, electricity)
Community Cohesion and Environmental Degradation
Security
Environmental Improvements Chemical Inputs
Health Benefits Health Risks

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Interaction of pathogenic microbes

URBAN INFECTIOUS
AGRICULTURE DISEASE
(Agriculture
Change)

What kind of interaction that important in urban agriculture?

Can such knowledge be used to design and implement new planning and policy?

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Interaction of pathogenic microbes

Food Health
Availability Nutritional
Status

URBAN INFECTIOUS
AGRICULTURE DISEASE
(Agriculture
Change)

Beneficial Reduced
Environmental Exposure to
Change Microbial
pathogen

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Interaction of pathogenic microbes

Economics Ability to Work

Food Availability Nutrient

Cash Crops
Deficiencies

Anemia

URBAN INFECTIOUS
AGRICULTURE DISEASE
(Agriculture
Change)

Vector and Water

Water/ Dam/ Borne Disease
irrigation

Animal Microbes
Crops and Animal
Density

Soil and Fecal

exposure 15
Interaction of pathogenic microbes

RURAL
AGRICULTURE RURAL PROBLEMS
(FOOD SAFETY,
ZOONOSES)

URBAN INFECTIOUS
AGRICULTURE URBAN PROBLEMS DISEASE
(Agriculture (FOOD SAFETY,
Change) ZOONOSES)

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Selected Attributes of Illustrative Emerging
Infectious Diseases
Emerging Risks, Fineberg
and Wilson. October 2010

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Bacterial Pathogens Associated with
Animal Waste

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Cases of Infectious Disease Caused by
Urban Agriculture

MALARIA AVIAN INFLUENZA

Malaria: Indirect Effect of UA
Malaria is Water Borne Zooneses

Animals Humans

Waterborne
Disease

Microbial
Pathogens

Water Environment
World’s Most Dangerous Animals

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Health Economics: Malaria

 Malaria Patient costs per visits in US$ from exit survey in Papua (Karyana et
al., 2016)

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Health Economics: Malaria

 The economic impact of malaria is estimated to cost Africa $12 billion

every year. (Gallup and Sachs, 2001)

 This figure factors in costs of :

● health care,
● absenteeism,
● days lost in education,
● decreased productivity due to brain damage from cerebral
malaria,
● loss of investment and tourism.

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Avian Influenza: Direct Effect of UA

 Poultry farming in the city

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Avian Influenza: Livebirds

 Poultry Ban in Jakarta

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Avian Influenza: Indonesia is Endemic

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Avian Influenza: Interaction Urban and
Peri-Urban

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Avian Influenza as an important disease

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 Health Economics: Avian Influenza
HPAI Economic Losses and Costs to a Local economy (Johnson et.al, 2016)

Term Definition HPAI Examples

Direct Losses Direct Losses in • Loss of livestock,

physical output and • reduction in egg and poultry output
assets
Indirect Losses Indirect losses are • Transportation and commuter disruptions,
those that follow from • loss of local tax revenues
the physical damages • reduced tourism
Ex post cost Mitigation • Response,
expenditures • clean up,
undertaken during • recovery: personal, protective equipment,
recovery period organic material, equipment rental, labor,
food, lodging, other services
Market impact Changes in commodity • Changes in revenue of poultry and poultry
prices for inputs, products to firms
outputs and assets • price paid by consumers

Ex ante Cost Mitigation • Preventive investment,

expenditures • stockpiling,
undertaken before the • biosecurity,
disaster occurs • surveillance
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Health Economics: Avian Influenza

 Human Health and Direct Economic Cost of Influenza

Disease in Indonesia (Kosen, 2012):
● Direct Costs: Medical Expenditures include
hospitalized patients and out-patients in 2011
● Total medical expenditures of out-patients:
calculated with the assumption of one visit per
patient per year in 2011: 92.4 million US Dollar
● Total medical expenditures for hospitalized patients
in 2011:60 million US Dollars
● Total Direct Economic Costs due to medical
expenditures (ambulatory and in-patients): US $
152.4 millions

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Some suggestions for Indonesia

 Develop strategy on Urban Agriculture and Peri-urban

Agriculture
 Better Planning:
● Based on Food System
● Global one health interaction
● Zoning area (Kucharski, Marchwinska and
Gyzl, 1994: 304)
● Design on infrastructure and civil engineering
 Feasibility Study on Strategy (Benefit and cost analysis:
health, social, environmental, economics)
 Implementation: Institutional Coordination, Human skills
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 Better Agriculture,
Better Future

Business Economics Group, Wageningen University & Research

Building no. 201, Room 5039
Hollandseweg 1, 6706 KN WAGENINGEN, The Netherlands
Phone : +31(0)317 48 29 05
E-mail: dikky.indrawan@wur.nl
URL: www.wageningenur.nl/bec

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