Professional Documents
Culture Documents
Research Design
Research Design
Census method
Sample method
Fax survey
internet or e-mail
survey or method
Merits of survey
Helps to collect a lot of information from
different types of individuals
It facilitates drawing generalizations about
large populations on the basis of study of
their representative sample
Various samples can be adopted to collect
data
Its useful to verify theories
It is simple to administer
The data obtained are reliable
Coding, analysis and Interpretation of data is
relatively simple
Demerits
Laboratory experiment
Field experiment
Extraneous variables
Assessment of situation
Understanding a situation
Decision making in a
situation
Steps of simulation
Identify the process or system
Decide the purpose
Develop a mathematical model by
using available information
Collect several sets of input data
Determine the type of simulation
required
Operate the simulation with the
various sets of input data
Types of simulation
Computer simulation
Man simulation
Man computer simulation
Types of experimental design
Pre experimental design
i. One-shot case studies
ii. One-group pretest-posttest design
iii. Static group comparison design
True experimental design
1. the post test only control group design
2. the pretest-post control group design
3. Solomon Four-Group Design
Quasi experimental design
a) Non equivalent control groups
design
b) Time series design
c) Counter balanced design
Factorial design
OBSERVATION
Sensation
Attention
Perception
objectives
It studies collective behavior
and complex social situations
Following up of individual units
composing the situations
Understanding the whole and
parts in their interrelation
Getting the out of the way
details of the situations
Success of observation
Problem should be
clearly and precisely
formulated
Must develop a free
mind
Facts are interrelated
advantages
Collect information
Actual actions and habits of
person are observed
Reduction or elimination are
possible
Can collect info from those
who are unable to communicate
Its perfect and better method
Most reliable method
Disadvantages
LAW OF STATISTICAL
REGULARITY
LAW OF THE INERTIA OF
LARGE NUMBERS
Characteristics of Good Sample
Design
Representative.
Viable.
The selected sample design should
not cause more errors.
A good sample design able to
control systematic bias efficiently.
If the sample is well design and
selected, decision makers can use
this info with confidence.
simulations are useful for
1. improving student understanding of
basic research principles and
analytic techniques.
2. investigating the effects of
problems that arise in the
implementation of research; and
3. exploring the accuracy and utility
of novel analytic techniques
applied to problematic data
structures.
Measurement
Nominal scales
Ordinal scales
Interval scales
Ratio scales
Measurement
97 and Scaling (4)
Example:
Males = 1, Females = 2
Sales Zone A = Islamabad, Sales Zone B =
Rawalpindi
Drink A = Pepsi Cola, Drink B = 7-Up, Drink C =
Measurement
98 and Scaling (5)
Examples: