A

Summer Training Report On

Construction of Cement Concrete Road At
U.P. P.W.D,MAU
ENGG.

SUBMITTED TO SUBMITTED BY
PIYUSH RAI PRAVEEN SINGH

HOD,CIVIL DEPTT. 1681000014

Batch: 2016-20
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

I express my satisfaction on the completion of this summer training

program and project report submission as a part of the curriculum for the
degree of Bachelor of Technology, Civil Engineering. I express my deepest
gratitude to my supervisor and mentor Mr. S.K RAM for his kind guidance
during the entire period of training. His consistent support and advices has
helped me to complete this research project successfully. Also I thank all
the members of P.W.D.,MAU. Department for their kind support. They
have always been a source of inspiration to me.

DATE: - 31/07/2019 PRAVEEN SINGH

1. joints

2 Material mix & placing

3 Compaction

4 Finishing of surface

5 Curing

6. Filling joint

7 Edging

8 open to traffic

9. Reference
Introduction
Point of view geographic and population of the state is the nation's
largest state. State Industrial, economic and social development of the
state and the population of each village is absolutely necessary to re-
connect to the main roads. In addition to state important national
roads, state roads and district roads and their proper broad be made
to improve the quality of traffic point of view is of particular
importance. Public Works Department to build roads and improve
connectivity in rural zones, Other District Road and State broad and
improvement of rural roads and main routes narrow construction of
zones and depleted bridges brides reconstruction of the bases are
transacted on a priority basis . Also under PradhanMantri Gram
SadakYojana and pre-fabricated construction of rural roads linking the
work of other district roads broad Suddikrn the scale bases are edited.
Cement
A cement is a binder, a substance that sets and hardens independently, and
can bind other materials together. The word "cement" traces to the Romans,
who used the term caementiciumto describe masonry resembling
modern concrete that was made from crushed rock with burnt lime as
binder. The volcanic ash and pulverized brick additives that were added to
the burnt lime to obtain a hydraulic binder were later referred to
as cementum, cimentum, cement, and cement.

Types of Cement:-

Portland cement
Portland cement is by far the most common type of cement in
general use around the world. This cement is made by heating
limestone (calcium
carbonate) with small quantities of other materials (such as clay) to
1450 °C in a kiln, in a process known as calcination, whereby a
molecule of carbon dioxide is liberated from the calcium carbonate
to form calcium oxide, or quicklime, which is then blended with the
other materials that have been included in the mix. The resulting
hard substance, called 'clinker', is then ground with a small amount
of gypsum into a powder to make 'Ordinary Portland Cement', the
most commonly used type of cement (often referred to as OPC).
Portland cement is a basic ingredient
of concrete, mortar and most non-specialty grout. The most
common use for Portland cement is in the production of concrete.
Concrete is a composite material consisting of aggregate (gravel
and sand), cement, and water. As a construction material,
concrete can be cast in almost any
shape desired, and once hardened, can become a structural (load bearing)
element. Portland cement may be grey or white.

Portland fly ash cement

Its contains up to 35% flyash. The fly ash is pozzolanic, so that ultimate
strength is maintained. Because fly ash addition allows a lower concrete
water content, early strength can also be maintained. Where good quality
cheap fly ash is available, this can be an economic alternative to ordinary
Portland cement.

Portland pozzolan cement

Its includes fly ash cement, since fly ash is a pozzolan , but also includes
cements made from other natural or artificial pozzolans. In countries
where volcanic ashes are available.

Portland silica fume cement

Addition of silica fume can yield exceptionally high strengths, and cements
containing 5–20% silica fume are occasionally produced. However, silica
fume is more usually added to Portland cement at the concrete mixer

Sand
Sand is a naturally occurring granular material composed of finely
divided rock and mineral particles. The composition of sand is highly
variable, depending on the local rock sources and conditions, but the most
common constituent of sand in inland continental settings and non-
tropical coastal settings is silica (silicon dioxide, or SiO2), usually in the
form of quartz.
The second most common type of sand is calcium carbonate, for
example aragonite, which has mostly been created, over the past half
billion years, by various forms of life, like coral and shellfish. It is, for
example, the primary form of sand apparent in areas where reefs have
dominated the ecosystem for millions of years like the Caribbean.

Composition
In terms of particle size as used by geologists, sand particles range in
diameter from 0.0625 mm (or 1⁄16 mm) to 2 mm. An individual particle in
Aggregate
Aggregates are inert granular materials such as sand, gravel, or crushed
stone that, along with water and Portland cement, are an essential
ingredient in concrete. For a good concrete mix, aggregates need to be
clean, hard, strong particles free of absorbed chemicals or coatings of clay
and other fine materials that could cause the deterioration of concrete.
Aggregates, which account for 60 to 75 percent of the total volume of
concrete, are divided into two distinct categories-fine and coarse. Fine
aggregates generally consist of natural sand or crushed stone with most
particles passing through a 3/8-inch (9.5-mm) sieve. Coarse aggregates are
any particles greater than 0.19 inch (4.75 mm), but generally range between
3/8 and 1.5 inches (9.5 mm to 37.5 mm) in diameter. Gravels constitute the
majority of coarse aggregate used in concrete with crushed stone making
up most of the remainder.
 Test

There are four main tests to be done on concrete:

1 The Slump Test.

2Compression Test

3-Impact Test

4-Cube Test
THE SLUMP TEST
The slump test is done to make sure a concrete mix is workable.
Workability measures how easy the concrete is to place, handle and
compact
 Standard slump cone (100 mm top diameter x 200 mm bottom diameter x 300 mm high)

Small scoop

Bullet-nosed rod

(600 mm long x 16 mm diameter )

Rule

Slump plate (500 mm x 500 mm)

Method

1 Clean the cone. Dampen with water and place on the slump plate.

The slump plate should be clean, firm, level and non-absorbent.

2 Collect a sample.

3 Stand firmly on the footpieces and fill 1/3 the volume of the cone with

the sample. Compact the concrete by 'rodding' 25 times.

Rodding Rodding means to push a steel rod in and out of the

concrete to compact it into the cylinder, or slump cone.

Always rod in a definite pattern, working from outside into the middle.

4 Now fill to 2/3 and again rod 25 times, just into the top

of the first layer.

5 Fill to overflowing, rodding again this time just into the top

of the second layer. Top up the cone till it overflows.

6 Level off the surface with the steel rod using a rolling

action. Clean any concrete from around

the base and top of the cone, push down on the

handles and step off the footpieces.

7 Carefully lift the cone straight up making sure

not to move the sample.

8 Turn the cone upside down and place the rod across the

up-turned cone.
THE COMPRESSION TEST
The compression test shows the compressive strength of hardened
concrete. The testing is done in a laboratory off-site. The only work done
on-site is to make a concrete cylinder for the compression test.

The strength is measured in Megapascals(MPa) and is commonly specified

as a characteristic strength of concrete measured at 28 days after mixing.
The compressive strength is a measure of the concrete’s ability to resist
loads which tend to crush it.

Tools
Cylinders (100 mm diameter x 200 mm high or 150 mm diameter x
300 mm high)
( The small cylinders are
normally used for most
testing due to their lighter
weight )

Small scoop

Bullet-nosed rod (600 mm x

16 mm)
Steel float

Steel plate

Method
1 Clean the cylinder mould and coat the inside lightly with
form oil, then place on a clean, level and firm surface, ie
the steel plate.

2 Collect a sample.
3 Fill1/2 the volume of the mould with concrete then
compact by rodding 25 times. Cylinders may also be
compacted by vibrating using a vibrating table.

The Compression Test continues on the next page

13

4 Fill the cone to overflowing and rod 25 times

into the top of the first
layer, then top up the mould till overflowing.

5 Level off the top with the steel float and clean any
concrete from around the mould.

6 Cap, clearly tag the cylinder

and put it in a cool dry place
to set for at least 24 hours.

7 After the mould is removed the cylinder is sent to the laboratory

where it is cured and crushed to test compressive strength.
Impact Testing

An impact test is a dynamic test conducted on a selected specimen which

is usually notched. The specimen is struck and broken by a single blow in
a specially designed machine.

This demo illustrates the experiment setup, procedure and the energy
absorbed in an impact test.
CubeTest

Test applied to the concrete, this is the

utmost important which gives an idea
about all the characteristics of concrete.
By this single test one judge that
whether Concreting has been done
properly or not. For cube test two types
of specimens either cubes of 15 cm X
15 cm X 15 cm or 10cm X 10 cm x 10 cm depending upon the size of aggregate
are used. For most of the works cubical moulds of size 15 cm x 15cm x 15 cm
are commonlyused.

This concrete is poured in the mould and tempered properly so as not to

have any voids. After 24 hours these moulds are removed and test
specimens are put in water for curing. The top surface of these specimen
should be made even and smooth. This is done by putting cement paste
and spreading smoothly on whole area of specimen.

These specimens are tested by compression testing machine after 7 days

curing or 28 days curing. Load should be applied gradually at the rate of
140 kg/cm2 per minute till the Specimens fails. Load at the failure
divided by area of specimen gives the compressive strength of concrete.

APPARATUS
Compression testing machine

PREPARATION OF CUBE SPECIMENS

The proportion and material for making these test specimens are from the
same concrete used in the field.

SPECIMEN
6 cubes of 15 cm size Mix. M15 or above

MIXING
Mix the concrete either by hand or in a laboratory batch mixer
HAND MIXING
(i)Mix the cement and fine aggregate on a water tight none-absorbent
platform until the mixture is thoroughly blended and is of uniform color

(ii)Add the coarse aggregate and mix with cement and fine aggregate
until the coarse aggregate is uniformly distributed throughout the batch

(iii)Add water and mix it until the concrete appears to be homogeneous

and of the desired consistency.

PRECAUTIONS
The water for curing should be tested every 7days and the temperature of water must
be at 27+-2oC.

PROCEDURE
(I)Remove the specimen from water after specified curing time and wipe out excess
water from the surface.

(II) Take the dimension of the specimen to the nearest 0.2m

(III) Clean the bearing surface of the testing machine

(IV)Place the specimen in the machine in such a manner that the load shall be applied
to the opposite sides of the cube cast.

(V) Align the specimen centrally on the base plate of the machine.

(VI)Rotate the movable portion gently by hand so that it touches the top surface of
the specimen.

(VII)Apply the load gradually without shock and continuously at the rate of
140kg/cm2/minute till the specimen fails

(VIII) Record the maximum load and note any unusual features in the type of failure.
Using mix Concrete , there
some Point to construct
the road-
1. Preparation of base

2. Form working

3. Preparation of subgrade

4. Watering of base

5. Joints

6. Material mix & placing

7. Compaction
8.Finishing of surface

8A.Floating

8B. Belting

8C. Brooming

9. Curing

10. Joint filling

11. Edging

12. Open to traffic

1. Preparation of subgrade
1. Rolling on sub grade by roller

2. Filling the granular soil in the weak part and pot holes

3. Correct the soil coat , Camber , longitudinal slop

When concrete direct laid on subgrade, For preventing the water-

seepaging into the soil , used water proof paper on entire length.

1. Rolling on sub grade by roller

2. Filling the granular soil in the weak part and pot holes

3. Correct the soil coat , Camber , longitudinal slop

When concrete direct laid on subgrade, For preventing the water-

seepaging into the soil , used water proof paper on entire length.

2. Preparation of base

Choose any one type of base

1. W.B.M. base

As base material of W.B.M. Road; stone ballast, concrete 10-15cm

layer are used. For bonding between concrete slab & W.B.M. used 1:2
cement wash on W.B.M.

2. Concrete base

On the road used 10cm Cement concrete(1:2:4) or lime

concrete(16:32:64)

3. Granular medium material layer

10-15cm composite layer of sand , moorum, bajriare usedfor better

drainage facilities
 4. Stabilization soil

3. Form work
Material for form work-

Wooden sheets, battens, plywood, fibre hard board, steel plates,

angles, rope, minerals.

1.before using form work, it should free from all type material like as
dust ,cement.

2.To placing the concrete in appropriate depth used 2.5-5cm thick

and 3mtr long wooden sheeting.

3. The depth of wooden block must be same as level of slab thick.

4. After 24hrs form work displaced next length of road.

3. Watering of base
If base is dry

Than using the sprinkling process on it properly after that placing the
concrete.

5. Joints

Where is necessary to provide transverse, Longitudinal joints; there

wedge of woods, metals fix on level of concrete.

After setting of concrete it should be pull out.

If provided the dowel bar in joints, bars should be fit at right

position.

6. Material mix & placing

Mixer is equipment that mix the concrete using distinct amount
of cement , concrete, sand and water. Concrete slab should have
more than 5-10cm thick cause of drying.
Used two type mixer-
1. Batch mixer-
at site, used for small road construction
2. Continuous mixer-
Continuous mixer used for large construction .
if distance is more from site , mix concrete transported at site
within setting time.
Two methods generally used in placing of concrete-
1. Alternate bay method-
Placed the concrete on both side of road alternatively like
as1,3,5… part at one side and 2,4,6… part other side .
1st side
2nd side
 This method have slow process due to road traffic problems.
2. Continuous bay method-
construct one side of road regularly, if completed some part of
first side than construct other side.
this method have fast process without no obstruction of traffic

7. Compaction

Purpose of compaction is that to pull out air from void and make
concrete harden.
Compaction done by-

1.mechanically surface vibrator

2. manuallyhand tempers

8. Finishing of surface
 1. Floating-
For levelling the surface use floating, scree-ding , power trowel.
So that there is no acceptable more than 3mm variation in
concrete level surface.
2. Belting-
For making surface clean used belting process. Belt is nothing
but a 15-30cm thick sheets of canvass which have more length
than road.
3. Brooming-
Brooming is the process in which we made rough surface parallel
to road by brush.
It useful in avoiding slip & comfortable travelling on road .
The depth of line on road no more than 1.5mm.

9.Curing
Curing is the name of increasing the hydration process of cement.
after setting the concrete , curing process done till 14-28days.
Some method of curing are-
1.Shading concrete works
2. Covering with hessian & gunny bags
3.Sprinkling of water
4.By ponding
5. Membrane curing
6. Steam curing

10. Filling joint

 After drying road, clean the joints and fill the shelling compound
or hot bitumen .
also bitumen fill road bank.
11. Edging
To protect damaging the sides of concrete pavements used over
burnt brick work.
in place of brick, provided kerb of pre mix concrete.

12.open to traffic
Generally after a month, road should be open to traffic.
If used rapid hardening cement it take 7 days to open traffic.

Reference
www.Google.com
www.concrete.net.au

www.res.gov.in

www.upjl.com

www.concrete.com

www.sand.uk