CHEMICAL REACTIONS

happen at can be are classified obey observation of release

different represented by into mass by following or absorb

rates chemical chemical stoichiometry energy

equations equations
are affected by
involves
concentration may be
balanced
combination equations
temperature
decomposition limiting and
particle size
excess reactants
single
catalyst replacement
double
replacement
 Main Idea:
Chemical reactions are represented
by chemical equations.

EQ: Why should chemical reactions be represented?

• Plants use carbon dioxide and release these are processes
oxygen through photosynthesis.
• Vehicles burn fuel and give off exhaust through which one
gases. or more substances
• Metal pipes rust. are changed into
• Marble statues corrode. different substances
• Stomach chemically breaks down food.

REACTANTS – original substances

PRODUCTS – resulting substances
BUBBLE FORMATION
– production of a new
gas during reaction

CLOUDINESS
– formation of a new
solid substance
TEMPERATURE CHANGE
– sometimes
accompanied by light
production

COLOR CHANGE
- can signify a chemical
change
- represent chemical reactions
- consist of symbols and formulas
- show what happens during a
reaction
- present the identities and
relative amounts of the reactants
and products involved in a
chemical reaction
- present the reactants and
products of a chemical
reaction using words
- only identify the reactants
and products
• represent chemical reactions
• consist of symbols and formulas
• show what happens during a reaction
• present the identities and relative amounts of the
reactants and products involved in a chemical
reaction
4Fe (s) + 3O2 (g)  2Fe2O3 (s)
2KClO3 (s)  2KCl (s) + 3O2 (g)

REACTANTS PRODUCTS
– needed for the – formed in the
reaction to take place reaction
 O2 2O2
SUBSCRIPT COEFFICIENT
– the number of molecules
– tells how many or formula units of a
atoms are present in a substance that participate
specific compound in the reaction
 • no coefficient
O2 • the number is equal to 1
• There is only one molecule
of oxygen gas.
• presence of 2 molecules of
2O2 oxygen
• 2 atoms of the element of
oxygen per molecule
SYMBOL FUNCTION
+ Written between the symbols and/or formulas
of reactants or products
Left-side: read as “COMBINES WITH” or
“REACTS WITH”
Right side: read as “AND”
 Separates reactants from products
Read as “YIELDS” or “PRODUCES”
SYMBOL FUNCTION
(s) Indicates a SOLID reactant or product
(l) Indicates a LIQUID reactant or product
(g) Indicates a GASEOUS reactant or product
(ag) Indicates that the reactant or product is in
an aqueous solution (homogenously
dispersed in water)
SYMBOL FUNCTION
∆ Indicates that the heat must be
→ supplied to reactants before a
reaction occurs
The substance written above the arrow
→
𝑐𝑎𝑡𝑎𝑙𝑦𝑠𝑡

is a catalyst or a solvent.
• Consider the reaction for hydrogen chloride gas
formation. This particular gas is produced by
combination of hydrogen gas and chlorine gas.
hydrogen gas + chlorine gas  hydrogen chloride
 “react to produce”, “produce”, “yield”, or “form”
“hydrogen gas and chlorine gas react to produce hydrogen chloride gas”
“hydrogen gas and chlorine gas produce hydrogen chloride gas”
• A word equation can be converted to a chemical
equation by replacing the names of the reactants and
products with their corresponding symbols or formulas.
• The physical state of each reactant and product is
indicates using italicized letters in parentheses after
each chemical species.
• These are qualitative statements and give no
information about the amounts of the reactant or
products, unless it is properly balanced.
“hydrogen gas and chlorine gas produce hydrogen chloride gas”
hydrogen gas + chlorine gas  hydrogen chloride

H2 (g) + Cl2 (g)  HCl (g)

SAMPLE PROBLEM
After heating a metal strip of magnesium (Mg) in the presence
of oxygen (O2) gas, a white powder was seen on the wire
gauze. The white powder was found to be magnesium oxide
(MgO). Using this information, write the corresponding (a) word
equation and (b) chemical equation.
a. solid magnesium metal + oxygen gas  solid magnesium oxide
b. Mg (s) + O2 (g)  MgO (s)
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Write the word equation and chemical equation representing the
following reactions.
1. Solid potassium (K) metal and chlorine (Cl2) gas combine to form
potassium chloride (KCl) powder.
2. The reaction between aqueous calcium hydroxide [Ca(OH)2] and
carbon dioxide (CO2) gas produces calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
precipitates and liquid water (H2O)
3. Ammonia (NH3) gas is industrially produced from hydrogen (H2) gas
and nitrogen (N2) gas through the Haber process.
4. The reaction between solid iron (Fe) metal and chlorine (Cl2) gas
produces powder ferric chloride (FeCl3).
5. When solid aluminum bromide (AlBr3) chemically combines with
chlorine (Cl2) gas, aluminum chloride (AlCl3) powder and bromine
(Br2) gas are produced
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Write the word equation and chemical equation
representing the following reactions.
1. Solid potassium (K) metal and chlorine (Cl2) gas
combine to form potassium chloride (KCl) powder.
2. The reaction between aqueous calcium hydroxide
[Ca(OH)2] and carbon dioxide (CO2) gas produces
calcium carbonate (CaCO3) precipitates and liquid
water (H2O)
PRACTICE EXERCISES
Write the word equation and chemical equation
representing the following reactions.
3. Ammonia (NH3) gas is industrially produced from
hydrogen (H2) gas and nitrogen (N2) gas through the
Haber process.
4. The reaction between solid iron (Fe) metal and chlorine
(Cl2) gas produces powder ferric chloride (FeCl3).
5. When solid aluminum bromide (AlBr3) chemically
combines with chlorine (Cl2) gas, aluminum chloride
(AlCl3) powder and bromine (Br2) gas are produced
 CHEMICAL REACTIONS

Reactants: Zn + I2 Product: Zn I2
• CHEMICAL REACTIONS ARE REPRESENTED BY
CHEMICAL EQUATIONS

4Fe(s) + 3O2(g) 2Fe2O2(s)

2KCI3 (S) 2KCI + 3O2(G)

COMPOUND ON THE LEFT OF THE ARROW REFER TO THE REACTANTS. COMPOUNDS ON THE
RIGHT REFER TO THE PRODUCTS.
 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
Depict the kind of reactants and products and their relative
amounts in a reaction.

4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 Al2O3(s)

The numbers in the front are called

stoichiometric coefficients
The letters (s), (g), and (l) are the physical states of
compounds.
 STOICHIOMETRY
- thestudy of the
quantitative aspects
of chemical reactions.
 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
4 Al(s) + 3 O2(g) ---> 2 Al2O3(s)
This equation means
4 Al atoms + 3 O2 molecules ---give--->
2 molecules of Al2O3
4 moles of Al + 3 moles of O2 ---give --->
2 moles of Al2O3
 CHEMICAL EQUATIONS
• Because the same atoms are
present in a reaction at the
beginning and at the end, the
amount of matter in a system
does not change.
• The Law of the Demo of conservation of matter, See
Screen 4.3.
Conservation of
Matter
 Chemical Equations
Because of the principle of the
conservation of matter,
an equation must be balanced.
It must have the same
number of atoms of the
same kind on both sides.
Lavoisier, 1788
 BALANCING
EQUATIONS

___ Al(s) + ___ Br2(liq) ---> ___ Al2Br6(s)

 BALANCING EQUATIONS
• 1. Identify the reactants and the products in the reaction, and
write the chemical formulas.
• 2. Write the equation by putting the reactants on the left of
the arrow, and the products on the right
• 3. Count the number of atoms of each elements in the
reactant and the number of atoms of each elements in the
products
• 4. If the number of atoms of at least one element is not equal
on both sides of the equation, the reaction is not yet
balanced.

• 5. Change the coefficient of the molecules until the number of

atoms of each element on the either side of the equation is
balanced.
• 6. Check if all the atoms are balanced.
• Ex. Ammonia, a colorless, pungent gas is widely used in the
pharmaceutical and agricultural industries. It is also used as
an ingredient of commercial cleaning products. Ammonia
(NH4) gas is industrially produced from hydrogen (H2) gas
and nitrogen (N2) gas through the Haber process.
a. Write a chemical equation for the Haber process
b. Balanced the equation
• Considering the gaseous state of all the reactants and
product, the reaction is represented by

H2(g) + N2 (g) NH3 (g)

H = 2 N=1
N = 2 H=3
• Considering the gaseous state of all the reactants and product, the
reaction is represented by

H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

H = 2 N=2
N = 2 H=3
• Considering the gaseous state of all the reactants and product, the
reaction is represented by

H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

H = 2 N=2
N = 2 H=6
• Considering the gaseous state of all the reactants and product, the
reaction is represented by

3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

H = 2 N=2
N = 2 H=6
• Considering the gaseous state of all the reactants and product, the
reaction is represented by

3H2(g) + N2 (g) 2NH3 (g)

H = 6 N=2
N = 2 H=6
• 2. The reaction between solid Iron (Fe) metal and chlorine
(Cl2) gas produces powdered ferric Chloride (FeCl3).
Fe(s) + CI2 FeCI3

• 3. When solid aluminium bromide (AlBr3) chemically

combines with Chlorine (Cl2) gas aluminium chloride (AlCl3)
powder and Bromine (Br2) gas are produced.