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Activity and Exercise: Shurouq Qadose 4/3/2008
Activity and Exercise: Shurouq Qadose 4/3/2008
Shurouq Qadose
4/3/2008
An activity –exercise pattern refers to a person's
routine of exercise, activity, leisure, and
recreation. It includes:
• Activities of daily living (ADL) that require
energy expenditure such as hygiene, cooking ,
shopping, eating , working.
• Type, quality, and quantity of exercises,
including sports.
• Ligaments; tough fibrous bands that bind
joints together & connect bones & cartilages.
• Tendon; strong, flexible, inelastic fibrous band
that attach muscle to bone.
Cartilage; nonvascular connective tissue found
in the joint s as well as in the nose, ear,
thorax, trachea and larynx
Physiology of Movement
The following physiology of movement is:
Skeletal system; the bones and cartilage that protect
our organ and allow us to move are called skeletal
system. The function of this system include:
– Maintain body posture by supporting the soft
tissue
– Protect the delicate structures of the body such as
brain, heart and spinal cord
– Furnishes surface for attachments of muscles
tendons and ligaments
– Storage areas of minerals salts and fats.
– Produce blood cells
Muscular system; provide functions for the body
through
• contraction
• Motion
• Maintenance of posture
• Heat production
The 3 types of muscles are 1) Skeletal 2) Cardiac 3)
Smooth or visceral muscles.
Muscles have two different points of attachments:
The attachment of a muscle to the more stationary
bone is called the Point of Origin.
The attachment to the more movable bone is the
Point of Insertion
Nervous System; the nerve impulses stimulate
muscles to contract.
Body Mechanics; is the efficient use of the body
as a machine and as a mean of locomotion,
correct body mechanics lead to health
promotion and illness prevention so the
responsibility of the nurse to apply the body
mechanics and to teach others .
Types of Joint Movement
Flexion: decreases the angle of the joint" bending the
elbow"
Extension: Increasing the angle of the joint "
straightening the arm at the elbow"
Hyperextension: further extension or straightening of a
joint " bending the head backward"
Abduction: movement of the bone away from the
midline of the body
Adduction: movement of the bone toward the midline of
the body
Rotation: movement of the bone around its central axis
Circumduction: movement of the distal part of the bone
in a circle while the proximal end remains fixed.
Eversion: Turning the sole of the foot outward by
moving the ankle joint
Inversion: Turning the sole of the foot inward by
moving the ankle joint.
Pronation: moving the bones of the forearm so that the
palm of the hand faces downward when held in front
of the body.
Supination: moving the bones of the forearm so that the
palm of the hand faces upward when held in front of
the body.
Exercise
Is a type of physical activity defined as a
planned, structured, and repetitive bodily
movement performed to improve or maintain
one or more components of physical fitness.
Types of exercise:
Exercise can be classified according to the type of
muscle contraction to:-
Isotonic exercise; in which the muscle shortens to
produce muscle contraction and active movement.
Example; running, swimming, walking. This increase
muscle mass, tone and strength, increase cardiac and
respiratory and circulatory functions.
Isometric exercise; in which there is muscle contraction
without moving the joint shortening. An example
includes squeezing a towel or pillow between the
knees. These exercises are useful for strengthening
abdominal, quadriceps and gluteal muscles so the
nurse encourage both isotonic and isometric exercises
for the hospitalized client’s.
Isokinetic exercises; involve muscle contraction with
resistance example include rehabilitation exercises
for the knee and elbow injuries.
OR exercise can be classified according to the
source of energy to:-
Aerobic exercise is activity during which the
amount of oxygen taken in the body is greater
than that used to perform the activity. An
example walking, running.
Anaerobic exercise involves activity in which
the muscles cannot draw out enough oxygen
from the bloodstream, and anaerobic pathways
are used to provide additional energy for a
short time. An example weight lifting.
Factors affecting body alignment and activity
• Growth and development; according to person age
the nurse should be familiar with the differences of
the neuromuscular development of the client in order
to facilitate coping.
• Physical health; because any problems in the
musculoskeletal or nervous system can have negative
influence on the body alignments and movement.
• Mental health; bodily processes tend to slow down in
depression
• Lifestyle variables; such as exercise, food, smoking,
occupation, culture.
• Attitude and values; such as swim, fitness, many
individual values also influence the exercise options
people make.
• Fatigue and stress; chronic stress may deplete
body energy to the point that fatigue makes
even the thought of exercise overwhelming
• External factors; environment which influence,
humidity, support people, lack of free time,
unsafe environment.
• Nutrition; both undernutritioin and
overnutrition can influence body alignment
and mobility.
Effects of exercise on major body system
– Musculoskeletal system
» Increased muscle efficiency' strength
and flexibility
» Increased coordination, stability, gait
and posture
» Increased efficiency of nerve impulses
transmission
» Improve range of motion
» Maintained bone density and strength
– Cardiovascular system;
» Meet the demands for oxygen
» Increase blood flow
» Increase efficiency of the heart
» Decreased blood pressure
» Increased blood flow to all body parts
» Improved heart rate, improved
circulation, and self – reported stress
reduction
» Decreased cholesterol level
–Respiratory system; work together with the
cardiovascular system
»Increase oxygen available to the muscle
»Increase depth, rate of gas exchange,
rate of CO2 excretion
»Improved pulmonary functioning
»Decreasing breathing effort and risk of
infection.
–GI system; exercises lead to
»Increased intestinal tone, facilitating
peristalsis
»Improve digestion and elimination
»Improve the appetite
–Metabolic system; exercise elevates
the metabolic rate, thus increasing the
production of body heat and waste
products and calorie use.
»Increased efficiency of metabolic
system
»Increased efficiency of body
temperature regulation
»Reduce level of serum triglycerides
and cholesterol.
–Urinary system; regular exercise
increase blood circulation including
improved blood flow to the kidneys
which allows the kidneys to maintain
the body's fluid balance and acid-base
balance more efficiently and to excrete
body waste.
–Skin; regular exercise increase
circulation which lead to promote good
health