Two-Port 1

Microelectronic Circuits
Feedback
Ching-Yuan Yang
National Chung-Hsing University

Department of Electrical Engineering
Outline
 The General Feedback Structure
 Some Properties of Negative Feedback
 The Four Basic Feedback Topologies
 The Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
 The Series-Series Feedback Amplifier
 The Shunt-Shunt and Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifier
 Determining the Loop Gain
 The Stability Problem
 Effect of Feedback on the Amplifier Poles
 Stability study Using Bode Plots
 Frequency Compensation
Microelectrics (III) 8-1 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

The General Feedback Structure
General structure of the feedback amplifier
x A
 xo = Axi , xf = xo , xi = x s  xf  Af  o 
x s 1  A
 : feedback factor
A : loop gain
1 + A : amount of feedback
 If A >> 1, then Af  1/.
The gain of the feedback amplifier is almost entirely determined by the
feedback network.
A x
 Feedback signal: x f 
1  A
s
For A >> 1 we see that xf  x s , which implies that xi ‹ 0. (xi : errorsignal)

Some Properties of Negative Feedback
Some Properties of Negative Feedback
 Desensitize the gain

 Extend the bandwidth of the amplifier
 Reduce the effect of noise
 Reduce nonlinear distortion

Gain Desensitivity
x A
Assume that  is constant. Af  o 
x s 1  A
dA f
 1
dA (1  A )2
dA
 dA f 
(1  A )2
dA f
 1 dA
Af (1  A ) A
The percentage change in Af (due to variations in some circuit parameter) is

smaller than the percentage change in A by amount of feedback.
The amount of feedback, 1 + A, is also known as the desensitivity factor.
Bandwidth Extension
Consider an amplifier whose high-frequency response is characterized by a
single pole.
AM AM: the midband gain
A(s) 
1 s
H : the upper 3-dB frequency
H
Apply the negative feedback with a frequency-independent factor  :
AM
A(s) 1  AM 
Close - loop gain Af (s)  
1  A(s) 1 s
H (1  AM  )
The feedback amplifier: (high-frequency response)
AM
 Midband gain AMf 
1  AM 
Upper 3-dB frequency Hf = H (1 + AM  )
 The amplifier band width is increased by the same factor, (1 + AM  ), by which
its midband gain is decreased, maintain the gain-bandwidth product constant.
 Similarly, the low-frequency response of the feedback amplifier has a lower 3-dB
L
frequency Lf 
1  AM 

Noise Reduction
V s : input signal
Vo : output signal
Vn : noise or interference
A 1 : gain
The amplifier suffers from noise and the noise can be Singal - to - noise ratio S  V s
assumed to be introduced at the input of the amplifier. N Vn
Negative feedback is applied to improve SNR:
(clean amp.)
A1A2 A1
VoV V n
s
1  A1 A2  1  A1 A2 
S Vs
  A 2
N Vn
Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion
Curve (a) shows the amplifier transfer characteristic without feedback.

Curve (b) shows the characteristic with negative feedback ( = 0.01)
applied.
The open-loop voltage transfer characteristic of the amplifier is change from

1000 to 100 and then to 0. [curve (a)]
Apply negative feedback with  = 0.01 to the amplifier [curve (b)] :
 the slope of the steepest segment: the slope of the next segment:
1000 100
Af 1   90.9 Af 2   50
1  1000  0.01 1 100  0.01
The order-of-magnitude change in slop is considerably reduced.
The price paid is a reduction in voltage gain.

The Four Basic Feedback Topologies
Four basic feedback topologies

 Base on the quantity to be amplified (voltage or current) and on the
desired form of the output (voltage or current), amplifiers can be classified
into four categories.
 Voltage amplifiers
 Current amplifiers
 Transconductance amplifiers
 Transresistance amplifiers
 Four basic feedback topologies:
 Voltage-sampling series-mixing (series-shunt) topology
 Current-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-series) topology
 Current-sampling series-mixing (series-series) topology
 Voltage-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-shunt) topology

Voltage Amplifiers
 Characteristics:
 Input signal: voltage output signal: voltage
 Voltage-controlled voltage source
 High input impedance
 Low output impedance
 Feedback topology
 Voltage-sampling series-mixing (series-shunt) topology
 The feedback network samples the output voltage, and the feedback signal xf
is a voltage that can be mixed with the source voltage in series.
 “Series” refers to the connection at the input and “shunt” refers to the
connection at the output.
 Characteristics:
 Stabilize the voltage gain
 Higher input resistance
(series connection at the input)
 Lower outputresistance
(parallel connection at the output)
 Voltage-sampling series-mixing (series-shunt) topology
 Example
vi = V +  V 
V s T vi T Vo T V T vi t Enegative feedback

Current Amplifiers
 Input signal: current output signal: current
 Current-controlled current source
 Low input impedance
 High output impedance
 Current-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-series) topology
 The feedback network samples the output current, and the feedback signal
xf is a current that can be mixed in shunt with the source current.
 “Shunt” refers to the connection at the input and “series” refers to the
 Stabilize the current gain
 Lower input resistance
(shunt connection at the input)
 Higher outputresistance
(series connection at the output)
 Current-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-series) topology
 Example
Is T ii (Ib1) T Ic1 T Vc1 t Ic2 (Io) t Ie2 (Io /) t If T ii (Ib1) t Enegative feedback

Transconductance Amplifiers
 Input signal: voltage output signal: current
 Voltage-controlled current source
 High input impedance
 High output impedance
 Current-sampling series-mixing (series-series) topology
 The feedback network samples the output current, and the feedback signal
xf is a voltage that can be mixed with the source voltage in series.
 “Series” refers to the connection at the input and “series” refers to the
 Stabilize the transconductance gain
 Higher input resistance
(series connection at the input)
 Higher outputresistance
(series connection at the output)
 Current-sampling series-mixing (series-series) topology
 Example
V s T vi (vbe) T Ic1 T v c1 t Ic2 (Io) t v c2 T Io T Io /  T Vf T vi t Enegative feedback

Transresistance Amplifiers
 Input signal: current output signal: voltage
 Current-controlled voltage source
 Low input impedance
 Low output impedance
 Voltage-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-shunt) topology
 The feedback network samples the output voltage, and the feedback signal
xf is a current that can be mixed in with shunt the source current.
 “Shunt” refers to the connection at the input and “shunt” refers to the
 Stabilize the transresistance gain
 Lower input resistance
(shunt connection at the input)
 Lower outputresistance
(shunt connection at the output)
 Voltage-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-shunt) topology
 Example
Norton’s
theorem
Is T ii T Vo t If T ii t Enegative feedback

Two-Port Network Parameters
 y parameters
Equivalent circuit:
 z parameters
Equivalent circuit:

 h parameters
Equivalent circuit:
 g parameters
Equivalent circuit:

The Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
The Ideal Situation of the Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

 Ideal structure
 A circuit: a unilateral open-loop amplifier

Ri : input resistance A : voltage gain Ro : output resistance
 circuit: an ideal voltage-sampling series-mixing feedback network
The source and load resistances are included inside the A circuit.
The  circuit does not load the A circuit. Do not change A  Vo /Vi.

 Equivalent circuit
Vo A
 The close-loop gain A f   (A and  have reciprocal units)
V s 1  A
Input resistance
Vs V V  V o V  AVi
Rif  V s   Ri s  R i i R i i  R i(1  A )
Ii Vi /R i Vi Vi Vi
The series-mixing increases the input resistance by (1 + A).

General form Zif (s) = Zif (s)[1 + A(s)(s)]
 Output resistance (Vs = 0)
V
Output resistance Rof  t
I
where I  Vt  AVi and Vi  V f  Vo  Vt (for Vs  0)
Ro
 I  Vt AVt
Ro
Vt Ro
 Rof  
I 1  A
The voltage-sampling feedback reduces the output resistance by (1 + A).
Zo (s)
General form Z of (s) 
1  A(s) (s)

The Practical Situation
Derivation of the A circuit and  circuit for the series-shunt feedback amplifier.
 Block diagram of a practical series-shunt feedback amplifier
Rif and Rof are the input and output resistances, respectively, of the feedback
amplifier, including R s and RL.
The actual input and output resistances of the feedback amplifier usually
exclude R s and RL :
1
Rin  Rif  R s and Rout 
1 1
Rof RL
The circuit in  with the feedback network represented by its h parameters.
(h parameters)
 The source and load resistances should be lumped with the basic amplifier.
 In addition, the resistances in the feedback should be also lumped with the
basic amplifier.
 h-parameter two-port feedback network:
Neglect h 21 , the forward transmission effect of the feedback network, and
thus omit the controlled source h21I1.

 The circuit in after neglecting h 21 .
h 21I 1 is neglected.
Determine  :  h 12
 V1 (port 1 open-circuited)
V 2 I1  0
Summary of the Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

Example 8.1 An op amp connected in the noninverting configuration
The op amp has an open-loop gain , a differential input resistance Rid, and an
output resistance ro. Find expressions for A, , the close-loop gain Vo /V s , the
input resistance Rin, and the output resistance Rout. ( = 10 4 , Rid = 1 0 0 k , ro =
1 k  , RL = 2 k  , R1 = 1 k  , R2 = 1 M  , and R s = 1 0 k .)
The feedback network consists

R2 and R1. This network
samples the output voltage Vo
and and provides a voltage
signal (across R1) that mixed in
series with the input source Vs .
 A circuit:
[RL (R1 R2 )] Rid

A  V 'o   A  6000 V/V
V 'i [RL (R1 R2 )] ro Rid  R s  (R1 R2 )
  circuit:
V'f R1
   10 3 V/V
V 'o R1  R2

Vo A 6000
 Voltage gain A f     857 V/V
Vs 1  A  7
 Input resistance Rif = Ri(1 + A ) where Ri is the input resistance of the A circuit.
Ri = R s + Rid + (R1 R2)  1 1 1 k 
Rif = 1117 = 7 7 7 k 
Rin = Rif  R s = 7 3 9 k 
Ro
 Output resistance R of  where R ois the output resistance of the A circuit.
1 A
Ro = ro  RL  (R1 +R2)  667 
667  95.3
 Rof 
7
∵ Rof = Rout  RL
 Rout  100 
The Series-Series Feedback Amplifier

The Ideal Situation of the Series-Series Feedback Amplifier
 Ideal structure

Ri : input resistance A : transconductance gain Ro : output resistance
 circuit: an ideal current-sampling series-mixing feedback network
The  circuit does not load the A circuit. Do not change A  Io /Vi.
Io A
Vs 1 A
Input resistance
Vs V V  V o V  AVi
Rif  V s   Ri s  R i i R i i  R i(1  A )
Ii Vi /R i Vi Vi Vi
The series-mixing increases the input resistance by (1 + A ).

General form Zif (s) = Zi (s)[1 + A(s)(s)]

V
Output resistance Rof 
It
In this case, Vi  V f  Io  It (for V s  0)
 V  (It  AVi )Ro  (It  AIt )Ro
V
 Rof  o  A )
 R (1
It
The voltage-sampling feedback increases the output resistance by (1 + A ).
General form Zof (s)  Zo (s)[1  A(s)(s)]

Derivation of the A circuit and  circuit for the series-series feedback amplifier.
 Block diagram of a practical series-shunt feedback amplifier
Rin  Rif  R s and Rout  Rof  RL

The circuit in  with the feedback network represented by its z parameters.
(z parameters)
basic amplifier.
 z-parameter two-port feedback network:
Neglect z 21 , the forward transmission effect of the feedback network, and
thus omit the controlled source z21I1.
 The circuit in after neglecting z 21 .
z 21 I 1 is neglected.
Determine  : z 12
 V1 (port 1 open-circuited)
I 2 I1  0

Summary of the Series-Series Feedback Amplifier
Example 8.2 A feedback triple is composed of three gain stages with

series-series feedback
Assume that the bias circuit causes IC1 = 0.6mA, IC2 = 1mA, and IC3 = 4mA. Using
these values and assuming h fe = 100 and ro = , find the open-loop gain A, the
feedback factor , the closed loop gain Af = Io /V s , the voltage gain Vo /V s , the input
resistance Rin = Rif, and the output resistance Rof (between nodes Y and Y’). Now, if
ro of Q 3 is 25k, estimate an approximate value of the output resistance Rout.

 A circuit:
Determine A:
Vc1  (RC1 r 2 )
  14.92 V / V
Vi '
re1  [R E1 (RF  R E 2 )]
Vc 2
 g 
m2 C2 fe e3 E2 F 
R (h  1)[r  (R (R  R ))] 131.2 V / V
E1
Vc 1
I 'o e 3I 1
   10.6 m A / V
Vc 2 Vb 3 re 3  (RE 2 (RF  R E1 )
Io' Vc 1 Vc 2 Io'
 A     20.7 A/V
Vi' Vi' Vc1 Vi'
  circuit:
Determine  :
V f'
E 2
R
  R 11.9 
RE 2  RF R
E1
I o' E1
I A 20.7
 Closed-loop gain: A f  o   83.7 mA/V
Vs 1  A 1  20.7 11.9
Vo  IcRC 3
Voltage gain:   A f RC 3  83.7 10 3  600  50.2 V/V
Vs Vs
 Input resistance of the A circuit: Ri  (h fe  1)[re1 (RE1 (RF  RE 2 ))]  13.65 k 
Input resistance of the feedback amplifier: Rif  Ri (1  A )  3.34 M 
 Output resistance Ro of the A circuit: The resistance looking between Y and Y’.
RC 2
Ro  [RE 2 (RF  RE1 )] re 3   143.9 
h fe 1
Output resistance of the feedback amplifier:
Rof  Ro (1  A )  35.6 k

Find the output resistance from the equivalent circuit.
Rout  ro3  (1  gm 3ro 3 )(Rof r3 )

 ro 3[1  gm 3(Rof r3 )]
 25[1 100(35.6 1)
 2.5 M 
Homework #1
 Problems 6, 14, 24, 25, 27, 37

The Shunt-Shunt Feedback Amplifier
The Ideal Situation of the Shunt-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

 Ideal structure

Ri : input resistance A : transresistance gain Ro : output resistance
  circuit (transconductance): an ideal voltage-sampling shunt-mixing
feedback network
The  circuit does not load the A circuit. Do not change A  Vo /Ii.
Vo A
Is 1 A
Input resistance
V IR I Ii Ii Ii Ri
Rif  i  i i  R ii  Ri  Ri  Ri 
Is Is Is Ii If I i  Vo I i  AI i 1 A
The shunt-mixing reduces the input resistance by (1 + A ).

Zi (s)
General form Z if(s) 
1  A(s) (s)
V
Output resistance Rof  t
I
V  AIi
where I  t and Ii I f  Vo  Vt (for Is  0)
Ro
 I  Vt AVt
Ro
Vt Ro
 Rof  
I 1  A
The voltage-sampling feedback reduces the output resistance by (1 + A).
Zo (s)
General form Z of (s) 
1  A(s) (s)

 Block diagram of a practical shunt-shunt feedback amplifier
1 1and
Rin  Rout
1  1 1 1
Rif R s Rof RL
The circuit in  with the feedback network represented by its y parameters.
(y parameters)
basic amplifier.
 y-parameter two-port feedback network:
Neglect y21, the forward transmission effect of the feedback network, and
thus omit the controlled source y21I1.

 The circuit in after neglecting y21.
y21I1 is neglected.
I
Determine  :   y 12  1 (port 1 short-circuited)
V 2 V1  0
Summary of the Shunt-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

Example 8.3 A feedback circuit of the shunt-shunt type
Determine the small-signal voltage gain Vo /V s , the input resistance Rin , and
the output resistance Rout = Rof . The transistor has  = 100.
 dc analysis:
VC  0.7  (IB  0.07)47  3.99  47I B
12  VC  (  1)I  0.07

 4. 7 B
I B  0.015mA, I C  1.5mA, and VC  4.5V
 Small-signal analysis
A circuit:
 Transfer gain:

V  I'i Rs R f r 
V 'o  gmV Rf RC 
A  V 'o
I'i
Input resistance of the A circuit 

 gm R f RC Rs R f r 
Ri = R s  Rf  r = 1.4 k   358.7 k 
 Output resistance of the A circuit
Ro = RC  Rf = 4.27 k 

 Determine  :
I 'f
  1  1
V 'o Rf 47k
 Determine the closed-loop characteristics:
Closed - loop gain A f  Vo  A  358.7  41.6 k

Is 1  A 1  358.7/47
Vo
Since V s I Rs , s thus the voltage gain Vo    41.6  4.16 V/V
Vs Is Rs 10
Ri
Input resistance with feedback Rif   1.4  162.2 
1  A 8. 63
Ro
Output resistance with feedback Rof   4.27  495 
1  A 8.63
The Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifier

The Ideal Situation of the Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifier
 Ideal structure

Ri : input resistance A : current gain Ro : output resistance
 circuit : an ideal current-sampling shunt-mixing feedback network
The  circuit does not load the A circuit. Do not change A  Io /Ii.
Io A
I s 1  A
Input resistance
V IR I Ii Ii Ii Ri
Rif  i  i i  R ii  Ri  Ri  Ri 
Is Is Is Ii If I i  Io I i  AI i 1 A
The series-mixing reduces the input resistance by (1 + A ).

Zi (s)
General form Z if(s) 
1  A(s) (s)

V
Output resistance Rof 
It
In this case, Ii  I f  Io  It (for I s  0)
 V  (It  AIi )Ro  (It  AIt )Ro
V
 Rof  o  A )
 R (1
It
The current-sampling feedback increases the output resistance by (1 + A ).
General form Zof (s)  Zo (s)[1  A(s)(s)]

 Block diagram of a practical shunt-series feedback amplifier
1
Rin  and Rout  Rof  RL
11
Rif R s

The circuit in  with the feedback network represented by its g parameters.
(g parameters)
basic amplifier.
 g-parameter two-port feedback network:
Neglect g21, the forward transmission effect of the feedback network, and
thus omit the controlled source g21V1.
 The circuit in after neglecting g21.
g 21 V1 is neglected.
I
Determine  :   g 12  1 (port 1 short-circuited)
I 2 V1  0

Summary of the Shunt-Series Feedback Amplifier
Example 8.4 A feedback circuit of the shunt-series type

Find the current gain Iout /Iin, the input resistance Rin , and the output resistance
Rout. The transistor has  = 100 and VA = 75V.
 dc analysis: (neglect the effect of finite transistor  and VA )

15 V C1  12  10 1  2 V
V B 1  12  1.57 V
100  15 V E 2  2  0.7  1.3 V
V E1  1.57  0.7  0.87 V
1.3
IE1   0.4 m A
0.87 3.4
IE 1   1 mA
0. 87 VC 2  12  0.4  8  8.8 V

 Small-signal equivalent circuit
A circuit:
V 1  I 'i [Rs (RE 2  R f ) RB r  1]

Vb 2  gmV 1 ro1 RC 1 [r 2  (  1)(RE 2 R f ) 
Vb2
I 'o  A  I 'o  201.45 A/A
re 2  (RE 2 R f) I'i
 Determine  :
I 'f RE 2
   0.254
I'o RE 2 R f
 Determine the closed-loop characteristics:

Find input/output impedance:
Ri  R s (RE 2  R f ) R B r 1  1.535 k R C1 ro1
Ro (R R f )  re 2   2.69 k
E2
1
Ri
 Rif   29.5 
1 A  Rof  R o(1  A )  140.1 k
1  Rout  ro 2[1  gm (r2 Rof )  18.1 M
 Rin   29.5 
1/R if 1/R s
Find the required current gain:

Iout Iout RC 2 Ic RC 2 Io
    3.44 A/A
Iin Is RL  R C 2 I s RL  R C 2 I s

Summary of Relationships for the Four Feedback_Amplifier Topologies
Determining The Loop Gain

Determining the Loop Gain
Loop gain A is a very important quantity that characterizes a feedback loop.
 Find the loop gain:
 Let the external source x s = 0 .

Open the feedback loop by breaking the connection of xo to the feedback
network and apply a test signal xt .
 Determine the loop gain:
xf = xt  xi = xf = xt  xo = Axi = Axt  Loop gain A = xo /x t The
loop gain A is given by the negative of the ratio of the returned signal to the
applied test signal.
 A conceptual feedback loop is broken at XX’ and a test voltage xt is applied. The
impedance Zt is equal to that previously seen looking to the left of XX’. The loop gain
A = Vr /V t , where Vr is the returned voltage.
A   V r
Vt
 As an alternative, A can be determined by finding the open-circuit transfer function Toc

and the short-circuit transfer function Tsc and combining them as indicated.
A  1
11
Toc Tsc
open-circuit transfer function Toc short-circuit transfer function Tsc

Rx
Closed-loop circuit:

Vx AxVx

X Y
Rt
X’ Y’
Break XX’ to determine the loop gain A :
Rx
 Rt
 ∵ Vr A Vx t
Vt Vx AxVx Vr
R x  Rt
Rt

Rt
A  Vr  A

x
Vt R x  Rt
Break YY’ to determine Toc and Tsc :

Open-circuit transfer function Toc
Rx
  ∵ Voc  AxVt
Vt Rt Vx AxVx Voc Voc
 Toc   Ax
  Vt
Short-circuit transfer function Tsc

∵ Vx  It Rt
Rx
AV A IR
 and I sc  x x  x t t
Rx Rx
It Rt Vx A xVx Isc
I R
  Tsc  sc  Ax t
It Rx
Thus, 1  1  A

1  1 1  Rx
Toc Tsc Ax Ax Rt
Equivalence of Circuits from a Feedback-Loop Point of View
Break XX’ to determine the loop gain A :
{RL [R2  R1 (Rid  R)]} R1 (Rid  R ) Rid

Vr V 1
{R L[R 2 R (R1 Rid)]} r [R (Ro  R1 )]idR R  R 2 id
{RL [R2  R1 (Rid  R)]} R1 (Rid  R ) Rid

 L  A  Vr  Vr  
Vt V1 {RL [R2  R1 (Rid  R )]} ro [R1 (Rid  R )] R 2 Rid  R
The Stability Problem

Stability Problem of a Feedback Amplifier
 The closed-loop transfer function of a feedback amplifier
A f (s) A(s) where A(s) : the open-loop transfer function

1  A(s) (s)
 (s) : the feedback transfer function
For physical frequencies s = j ,
A f ( j ) A(j )  L( j)  A( j) ( j) = A( j) ( j)ej( )

1  A(j )(j )
 If for s = j0, L(j0) = 1, then the closed-loop gain approaches infinity at 0. Under
this condition, the circuit amplifies its own noise components at 0 indefinely.
 Barkhausen criteria: If a negative-feedback circuit has a loop gain that satisfies two
conditions:
L(j0)  1 and L(j0) = 180 o ,
then the circuit may oscillate at 0.
In order to ensure oscillation in the presence of temperature and process
variations, we typically choose the loop gain to be at least twice or three times the
required value.
 Oscillations could occur in a negative-feedback amplifier, we wish to find methods
to prevent their occurrence.
Nyquist Plot
Nyquist criterion:
 If the intersection occurs to the left of (1, 0), the magnitude of loop gain at
this frequency is greater than unity and the amplifier will be unstable.
 If the intersection occurs to the right of (1, 0), the amplifier will be stable.

Effect Of Feedback On The Amplifier Poles
Stability and Pole Location

Consider an amplifier with a pole pair at s = 0  jn .
 v(t) = e 0t [e +jnt + e jnt ] = 2 e 0t cos (nt )
Relationship between pole location and transient response:
The existence of any

right-half-plane poles
results in instability.

Poles of the Feedback Amplifier
The closed-loop transfer function of a feedback amplifier
A f (s) A(s) where A(s) : the open-loop transfer function

1  A(s) (s)
 (s) : the feedback transfer function
Find poles: The poles of the feedback amplifier are the zeros of 1 + A(s) (s).
1 + A(s) (s) = 0 (the characteristic equation of the feedback loop.)
It should therefore be apparent that applying feedback to an amplifier

changes its poles.
Amplifier with Single-Pole Response

An amplifier whose open-loop transfer function is characterized by a single pole:
A0
A(s) 
1  s / p
A0 /(1  A0  )
The closed-loop transfer function A f(s) 
1  s /p (1  A0 )
open - loop closed - loop
A0
Midband G ain A0  Aof 
1  Ao
Pole P  ωPf  P (1  Ao )
Effect of feedback on the pole location and the frequency response:

A0P
 For frequencies  >> P(1 + A0 ), A f(s)  A(s)
s
At such high frequencies the loop gain is much smaller than unity and the
feedback is ineffective.
 Effect of feedback on the frequency response:
 Applying negative feedback to an amplifier results in extending its

bandwidth at the expense of a reduction in gain.
 Since the pole of the closed-loop amplifier never enters the right half of
the s plane, the single-pole amplifier is stable for any value of .
Unconditionally stable
Amplifier with Two-Pole Response

An amplifier whose open-loop transfer function is characterized by two poles:
Ao
A(s) 
(1 s / P1 )(1 s /P 2 )
 Close-loop poles
1  A(s)  0  s 2  s(P1  P 2 ) (1 A0  )P1P 2  0
  P 2  1
 s   P1 (P1  P 2 )2  4(1 A0  )P1P 2
2 2
 Root-locus diagram
 The feedback amplifier also is unconditionally stable.

The maximum phase shift of A(s) is 180 o (90 o per
pole), but this value is reached at  = .
 The open-loop amplifier might have a dominant pole,
but this is not necessarily the case for the closed-
loop amplifier.
 As is the case with second-order responses
generally, the closed-loop response can show a peak.

 The characteristic equation of a second-order network:
0
s2 s  02  0 0 : pole frequency Q : pole Q factor
Q
Definition of 0 and Q of a pair Determine Q factor:

of complex conjugate poles:
(1  A 0 )
Q P1 P 2
P1  P 2
Normalized magnitude response:
Q  0.7, peaking. Q  0.7, no peaking.

Q = 0.7 (poles at 45o), maximally flat.
Example 8.5 Positive-feedback circuit

Find the loop transmission L(s) and the characteristic
equation. Sketch a root-locus diagram for varying K, and
find the value of K that results in a maximally flat response,
and the value of K that makes the circuit oscillate. (Assume
that the amplifier has infinite input impedance and output
impedance.)
Solution
The loop transmission:
V
L(s)  A(s) (s)   r  KT (s)
Vt
Open-loop circuit: where T(s) is the transfer function of the two-port RC
network.
V s (1/CR )
T (s) r  2
V1 s  s(3/CR )  (1/CR )2
 s(K /CR )
Thus L(s) 
s 2  s(3/CR ) (1/CR )2
The characteristic equation: 1 + L(s) = 0
2
3 1  K 3 K  1 2
s2  s   s  0 s 2  s   0
CR CR  CR CR CR 
1 1
 Pole frequency:  0  Q factor: Q 
CR 3 K

Root-locus diagram:
1
0 
CR
1
Q
3 K
 The maximally flat response:

Q = 0.707 K = 1.586
The poles are at 45o.
K  3, the circuit is unstable.
The feedback is in fact positive,
and the circuit will oscillate at the
frequency for which the phase of
T (j) is zero.
Amplifier with Three or More Poles

A value of A0 exits at which this pair of complex-conjugate poles enters the right
half of the s plane, thus causing the amplifier to become unstable.
 An amplifier with three poles: Root-locus diagram
Since the amplifier with three poles

has a phase shift that reach 270o as
 reaches , there exists a finite
frequency 180o, at which the loop gain
has 180o phase shift.
 Frequency compensation
There exists a maximum value for  above which
the feedback amplifier becomes unstable.
Alternatively, there exists a minimum value value for
the closed-loop gain Af 0 below which the amplifier
becomes unstable.
To obtain lower values of the closed-loop gain one needs to alter the loop
transfer function L(s). This is the process of frequency compensation.

Stability Study Using Bode Plots
Gain and Phase Margins

Gain margin:
The difference between the value of
A  at 180o and unity (in dB).
Phase margin:
The difference between the phase
angle at the 0-dB frequency and
180o.
 The gain margin represents the amount
by which the loop gain can be increased
while stability is maintained.
 If at the frequency of unity loop-gain
magnitude, the phase lag is in excess of
180o, the amplifier will be unstable.
 Feedback amplifiers are usually designed
to have sufficient gain margin and phase
margin to allow for the inevitable changes
in loop gain with temperature, time, and
so on.

Effect of Phase Margin on Closed-Loop Response
A(j1 )  1 e  j
where   180 o  phase margin
Close-loop gain (at 1):

A(j1 )  (1/ )e  j
A f( j 1)
1  A( j1) 1  e  j
 A f ( j1 )  1/  j
1e
 For a phase margin of 45o,  = 135o,
1
A f( j 1)  1.3 Gain peaking

 The peaking increase as the phase margin
is reduced, eventually reaching  when
the phase margin is zero.
 The closed-loop gain at low frequencies is
approximately 1/  .
An Alternative Approach for Stability Analysis Using Bode Plot of A
 Assume that  is independent of

frequency, we can plot 20log(1/ )
as a horizontal straight line on the
same plane used for 20logA.
20 log A(j ) 20 log 1  20 log A


(expressed in dB)
 Study stability by examining the
difference between the two plots.
If we wish to evaluate stability for a
different feedback factor we simply
draw another horizontal straight line
at the level 20log(1/ ).

A
Example: Stability Analysis
Using Bode Plot of A
The open-loop gain of the amplifier

1
20 log A( j )  20 log  20 log A

We can find
10 5
A( f )
 f  f f 
1 j 1j 1 j 6 
 
 10 5  10  10 7  3.2106 Hz
and
2
 f 
A  100  20 log 1   5 
10 
2 2
 f   f 
 20 log 1   6   20 log 1   7
10  10 
  tan1 f 5tan
 1  6

 f  tan1 f 
 7 
 10  10  10 

Frequency Compensation

Theory of Frequency Compensation
A
A’ :Introduce an additional
pole at fD .
poles: fD, fP1, fP2, fP3, 
 = 102
A” :Move the original low-

frequency pole to f ’D .
(i.e., fP1 ‹ f ’D )
poles: f ’D, fP2, fP3, 
Implementation of Frequency Compensation

 Two-Cascaded gain stages of a multistage amplifier
 Equivalent circuit for the interface  The circuit with a compensating

between the two stages capacitor C C added
1 1
f P1  f 'D 
2C xR x 2 (Cx C )R
C x

Miller Compensation and Pole Splitting
 A gain stage in a multistage amplifier before compensation
 A gain stage in a multistage amplifier with a compensating capacitor in the

feedback loop
Vo (sC f gm )R1R2


Ii 1  s[C1R1  C 2 R 2  C f (gmR1R2  R1  R 2 )]  s 2 [C 1 C 2  C f (C1  C 2 )]R1R2
 s  s  1 1  s2
D(s)  1 1  1  s  
 ' P1  ' P 2  ' P1 ' P 2  ' P1  'P 2
s s2
1   (’P1 << ’P2 )
' P1 ' P1 'P2
1 1
 ' P1
  (8.87)
C 1 R1  C 2R 2  C f (gm R1R 2  R1  R 2 ) gmR2 C
f 1R
gmCf
 'P 2  (8.88)
C 1C 2 C (C
f 1 C ) 2
j j
Before Compensation After Compensation
 
Pole splitting
Example 8.6: Frequency Compensation
The open-loop transfer function of the operational amplifier:
10 5
A( f )
 f  f f 
1 j 1
5 
j 1 j 6  
 10  10  10 7 
We wish to compensate the op amp so that the closed-loop amplifier with resistive
feedback is stable for any gain (that is, for  up to unity) and PM (phase margin)  45 o.
Assume that the op amp circuit includes a stage such as that of Fig.a with C 1 = 100pF,
C 2 = 5pF, and gm = 40mA/V, that the pole at fP1 is caused by by the input circuit of that
stage, and that the pole is connected either  between the input node B and ground or
in the feedback path of the transistor.
Fig.a:

 Find the compensating capacitor C C connected across the input terminals of the
transistor stage.
(a) Determine R1 and R2 : 1 10 5

f P1  0.1MHz  R1  
2C1R1 2
 10 5
f P2  1MHz 1 R2  
2C 2R2 
(b) Determine f ’ D:
1
1st pole from fP1 to f ’D : f 'D  and the 2nd pole remains unchanged.
2 (C 1 C )R
C 1
PM  45 o : The required value for f ’D is determined by drawing a 20dB/dec line from the 1-MHz point
on the 20log(1/  ) = 20log1 = 0dB line. This line will intersect the 100-dB dc gain line at 10Hz.
Thus f 'D 10Hz 1  C C 1F

2 (C1 C C)R 1

 Find the compensating capacitor C f connected in the feedback path of the transistor.
By Eqs. (8.58) and (8.59):

1 gmCf
f ' P1  and f 'P2 
2gmR2 C
f 1 R 2 [C1C 2 C (C
f 1 C )]2
gm
Determine fP2 : Assume C f >> C 2 , then f 'P2   60.6 MHz
2 (C1 C )2
The pole f ’P2 moves to a frequency higher than fP3 (= 10MHz).
The new 2nd pole is at fP3. This requires that the 1st pole be located at 100Hz for PM  45 o :
1
f 'P1  100Hz   C  78.5pF
2gmR2Cf 1 R
f
 Conclusion: Using Miller compensation not only results in a much smaller compensating
capacitor but, owing to pole splitting, also enables us to place the dominant pole a
decade higher in frequency.
 

Homework #2
 Problems 42, 58, 61, 67, 70, 80

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Microelectronic Circuits

National Chung-Hsing University

Microelectrics (III) 8-1 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-2 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

General structure of the feedback amplifier

For A >> 1 we see that xf  x s , which implies that xi ‹ 0. (xi : errorsignal)

Microelectrics (III) 8-4 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Some Properties of Negative Feedback

 Desensitize the gain

Microelectrics (III) 8-5 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

The percentage change in Af (due to variations in some circuit parameter) is

Microelectrics (III) 8-6 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-7 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Negative feedback is applied to improve SNR:

Microelectrics (III) 8-8 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Reduction in Nonlinear Distortion

Curve (a) shows the amplifier transfer characteristic without feedback.

The open-loop voltage transfer characteristic of the amplifier is change from

Microelectrics (III) 8-9 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-10 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Four basic feedback topologies

Microelectrics (III) 8-11 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-12 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

 Voltage-sampling series-mixing (series-shunt) topology

V s T vi T Vo T V T vi t Enegative feedback

Microelectrics (III) 8-13 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-14 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

 Current-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-series) topology

Microelectrics (III) 8-15 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-16 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

 Current-sampling series-mixing (series-series) topology

Microelectrics (III) 8-17 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-18 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

 Voltage-sampling shunt-mixing (shunt-shunt) topology

Is T ii T Vo t If T ii t Enegative feedback

Microelectrics (III) 8-20 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-21 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-22 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-23 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-24 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

The Ideal Situation of the Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

 A circuit: a unilateral open-loop amplifier

Microelectrics (III) 8-25 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

The series-mixing increases the input resistance by (1 + A).

Microelectrics (III) 8-26 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

 Output resistance (Vs = 0)

Microelectrics (III) 8-27 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-28 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

The circuit in  with the feedback network represented by its h parameters.

Microelectrics (III) 8-29 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-30 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Summary of the Series-Shunt Feedback Amplifier

Microelectrics (III) 8-31 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

The feedback network consists

Microelectrics (III) 8-32 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

[RL (R1 R2 )] Rid

Microelectrics (III) 8-33 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU

Microelectrics (III) 8-34 Ching-Yuan Yang / EE, NCHU