Patterns in Development;

Developmental
Sequence
Prayer
 According to Sugandha (2017), In order to describe
the developmental process of the child, practitioners should
base their observations on the following area of
development;

Physical Development
This area of development studies how children acquire
the below physical abilities to perform certain activities.
Gross Motor Skills – These are movements made by large
limbs such as kicking a ball, pulling a heavy object or
throwing an object.
Fine Motor Skills – These are fine and precise movement
shown when holding a pencil correctly, retrieving a tiny
object from the floor
Locomotive Skills – These are skills for balancing the
body such as walking on a line, standing on one foot for a
few minutes
 Cognitive Development

This area of development describes the intellectual

development of the child. Children show a profound
development in receiving, retaining, processing information.
They are learning to think logical and understand. They are
able to form imagination and learn problem solving skills.
 Communication Development

This area of development considers the ability to

communicate information in the form of speech, verbal
and non-verbal, reading and writing, asking questions,
discussing and gestures through body language.
 Social and Emotional Development

This area of development deals with children’s ability

to express their feelings and emotions. It also includes
forming relationships, self- identity, social behaviour as how
to speak courteously, caring for oneself and others and also
how to deal with their emotions.
 Moral Development

This area of development is closely related to the

Social and Emotional Development. Here children are able
to learn how to distinguish between right or wrong activities,
how to react and behave towards others, how to make the
right choices and they develop abstract moral reasoning.
Four Stages of Development
according to Maria
Montessori
 First Plane of Development (0-6 Years) – The
Period of Infancy

0-3 Years
The human baby is fully dependent on the adult for its
movement and interpretation of his needs, unlike other
species of beings that are able to walk or make same kind
of noises like their adults, almost immediately after they are
born. The human child can only express by crying.
3-6 Years
During this period the child of three although more
physically proportionate than the child between birth to
three, the child is still perfecting his coordination of
movements. The Absorbent Mind along with the Sensitive
Periods is still functioning, the child is absorbing all the
impressions that surround his environment.
Second Plane of Development (6 – 12 Years)
– The Period of Childhood
At this stage the child is physically independent and is
stronger. The child constantly engages in activities to test
how strong, fast, daring and challenging he/she is. The
infant soft hair disappears and the first tooth falls. The child
becomes slim, lean, limbs become larger showing
proportion of an adult. There is mental and physical stability,
a uniform growth.
 Third Plane of Development (12 – 18 Years)
– The Period of Adolescence
Arrival of puberty marks the end of childhood and is
the beginning of adolescence. Enormous changes occur
both physically and mentally. Physically, between the ages
12 – 15, the body is disproportionate. The body reaches full
maturity between fifteen and eighteen. The period is aimed
at constructing a social self. It is characterised by self
concern and self assessment. By exploring wider cultural
issues, in relation to society at large, the adolescent is
capable of critical thinking and re-evaluation.
 Fourth Plane of Development (18 – 24 Years) –
The Period of Maturity or Adulthood

The fourth plane of development is similar to the first

plane, in that it is the period of consolidation and expansion.
This plane depends on how the child has passed the earlier
planes of development. If all the needs in the above planes
have been fulfilled the child will feel secure and well
adapted to his environment, is more able to make decisions
on how life should be and how to contribute to the human
values.
 Influences of Development
Young children are easily influenced by various factors
in the environment which affects their learning and
behavioural process. They can be affected by various
social, environmental, economic and biological factors.

Personal Factors
Personal factors are those that are influenced by nature or
genetic formation such as:
Problems during pregnancy and at birth

An embryo is made up of 46 chromosomes which

carried the genetic information of both male and the female
partners. An embryo may not survive if there are changes in
the number of chromosome.If the embryo does survive, the
extra or the missing chromosome will cause an effect in the
learning and development of the child.
 The fetal development of the child can be also affected
due to mother’s behaviour towards health. If the mother
continues to smoke and consume drugs during pregnancy
can harm the child.
 Health

The development of the child can be affected due to

genetic disorders. For example, a blood disorder such as
sickle cell disease can be a barrier for development, as the
child may not be able to fully participate in any physical
activities which require gross muscle movements.
 Disabilities

Children with disabilities are challenged with cognitive

abilities and physical growth. Many disabilities are caused
due to genetic conditions at birth, for example Down
Syndrome.
 Timeline that gives an overview of
the ages at which children generally
acquire language
4-6 months: Babbling using all sounds.
6-9 months: Babling becomes more
focused—narrowing of sounds.
10-12 months: First words develop.
18-24 moths: Children begin using two-
word phrases.
2-3 years: Children begin using three
words phrases in correct order with
inflection.
4-5 years: Children starts speaking with
nearly complete syntax.
 5-7 years: Children begin using and
understanding more complex language.
9 years and older: Children understand
almost all forms of language.
Thank you for listening!