PETE 411

Well Drilling

Lesson 10
Drilling Hydraulics (cont’d)

1
10. Drilling Hydraulics (cont’d)
Effect of Buoyancy on Buckling
The Concept of Stability Force
Stability Analysis
Mass Balance
Energy Balance
Flow Through Nozzles
Hydraulic Horsepower
Hydraulic Impact Force
2
 READ:
ADE, Ch. 4 to p. 135

HW #5:
ADE # 4.3, 4.4, 4.5, 4.6
due September 27, 2002

3
 Fh
Fh - Fb
Buckling
of
Tubulars l

Neutral Point
l

Partially
Slender pipe buckled
suspended slender
in wellbore pipe
Neutral Point

Fb 4
 Buckling of Tubulars

• Long slender columns, like DP,

l

have low resistance to

bending and tend to fail by
buckling if...
• Force at bottom (Fb) causes
Neutral neutral point to move up
Point
• What is the effect of buoyancy
on buckling?
• What is NEUTRAL POINT?
Neutral
Point
5
Fb
 What is NEUTRAL POINT?

• One definition of NEUTRAL

l
POINT is the point above
which there is no tendency
towards buckling
• Resistance to buckling is
Neutral indicated, in part, by:
Point
The Moment of Inertia


Neutral
Point
I
64
d 4
n d4   in  4
6
 Consider the
following:
19.5 #/ft drillpipe
Depth = 10,000 ft.
Mud wt. = 15 #/gal.

DPHYD = 0.052 (MW) (Depth)

= 0.052 * 15 * 10,000
DPHYD = 7,800 psi

Axial tensile stress in pipe at bottom

= - 7,800 psi

What is the axial force at bottom?

7
 What is the axial force at bottom?

Cross-sectional area of pipe

= (19.5 / 490) * (144/1) = 5.73 in2

Axial compressive force = pA

lbf
 7,800 2
 5.73 in 2

in
= 44,700 lbf.

Can this cause the pipe to buckle?

8
 Axial Tension:
FT
FT = W1 - F2
FT = w x - P2 (AO - Ai )

At surface, FT = 19.5 * 10,000 - 7,800 (5.73)

= 195,000 - 44,694
= 150,306 lbf.

At bottom, FT = 19.5 * 0 - 7,800 (5.73)

= - 44,694 lbf
Same as before! 9
F2
 Stability Force:

Ai FS = Aipi - AO pO
FS = (Ai - AO) p (if pi = pO)

At surface, FS = - 5.73 * 0 = 0
At bottom, FS = (-5.73) (7,800) = - 44,694 lbs

THE NEUTRAL POINT is where FS = FT

Therefore, Neutral point is at bottom!

PIPE WILL NOT BUCKLE!!
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Compression Tension
44,770 0 150,306

FS
FT

Zero Axial Stress

Neutral Point
150,306
Depth of Zero Axial Stress Point = = 7,708
11 ft
19.5
Length
of
Drill Neutral Point

Collars

Neutral Point

12
 Length of Drill Collars

FBIT  lbf 
In Air: LDC   
WDC  lbf / ft 

FBIT  lbf 
LDC   
In Liquid:  f   lbf / ft 
WDC 
 1  
 s 


In Liquid FBIT * S.F.

LDC 
with S.F.:  f 
(e.g., S.F =1.3)
WDC 1   

 s 
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State of stress in pipe at the neutral point?14
 At the Neutral Point:
The axial stress is equal to the average
of the radial and tangential stresses.

r  t
Z 
2

15
 0 FT
Stability Force: FS

FT

FS = Ai Pi - Ao Po

If FS > axial tension then

the pipe may buckle.

If FS < axial tension then

the pipe will NOT buckle.
16
 At the neutral point:
FS = axial load

To locate the neutral point:

Plot FS vs. depth on

“axial load (FT ) vs. depth plot”

The neutral point is located where the

lines intersect.

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 NOTE:

If pi = po = p,

then Fs = 

4
d o
2
 di
2
p
AS

or, Fs = - AS p

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Axial Load with FBIT = 68,000 lbf

19
 Stability
Analysis with
FBIT = 68,00020 lbf
Nonstatic Well Conditions
FLUID FLOW

Physical Laws

Rheological Models

Equations of State
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 Physical Laws

Conservation of mass

Conservation of energy

Conservation of momentum

22
Rheological Models

 Newtonian
 Bingham Plastic
 Power – Law
 API Power-Law

23
Equations of State

Incompressible fluid
Slightly compressible fluid
Ideal gas
Real gas

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 Average Fluid Velocity
Pipe Flow Annular Flow
q q
v  v 
2.448 d 2

2.448 d 2  d1
2 2

WHERE
v = average velocity, ft/s
q = flow rate, gal/min
d = internal diameter of pipe, in.
d2 = internal diameter of outer pipe or borehole, in.
d1 =external diameter of inner pipe, in. 25
26
 Law of Conservation of Energy

States that as a fluid flows

from point 1 to point 2:

 E 2  E1    p2V2  p1V1 
 g  D2  D1  
1 2
2
v 2  v1
2
 
W Q
In the wellbore, in many cases
{ Q = 0 (heat)
 = constant27
 In practical field units
this equation simplifies to:

p2  p1  0.052  D2  D1 
 
8.074 *10  4  v22  v12  DPp  Dp f
where
p1 and p2 are pressures in psi
 is density in lbm/gal.
v1 and v2 are velocities in ft/sec.
Dpp is pressure added by pump
between points 1 and 2 in psi
Dpf is frictional pressure loss in psi
D1 and D2 are depths in ft. 28
Determine the pressure at the
bottom of the drill collars, if

Dp f  1,400 psi
q  400 gal/min.
  12 lbm/gal.
D2  10,000 ft. (bottom of drill collars)

D1 0 (mud pits)

IDDC  2.5 in.

Dp p  3,000 psi
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 Velocity in drill collars

q (gal/min)
v2  2 2
2.448 d (in )

400
v2  2
 26 .14 ft/sec
2.448 * (2.5)

Velocity in mud pits, v1  0

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p 2  p1  0.052  (D2  D1 )
 8.074 * 10 -4
 ( v  v )  DPp  DPf
2
2
2
1

p 2  0  0.052 * 12 (10,000 - 0)
- 8.074 * 10 - 4 * 12 (26.14 2  0 2 )  3,000  1,400
 0  6,240  6.6  3,000  1,400

Pressure at bottom of drill collars = 7,833 psig

NOTE: KE in collars 0
May be ignored in many cases31
p2  p1  0.052  ( D2  D1 )
 8.074 *10 -4
 (v  v )  DPp  DPf
2
2
2
1 32
 Fluid Flow Through Nozzle
Assume: D2  D1 v1 0

DPp  0 v 2  vn
DPf  0

4
p 2  p1  8.074 * 10 v 2
n

Dp
and vn  4
8.074 * 10  33
 If DPf  0
Equation may be written as

Dp
vn  c d 4
c d  0.95
8.074 * 10 

This accounts for all the losses in the nozzle.

1,000
Example: vn  0.95 4
 305 ft/sec
8.074 * 10 * 12
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35
 For multiple nozzles in //
Vn is the same for each nozzle
even if the dn varies!
This follows since Dp is the same
across each nozzle.

Dp q
vn  c d & vn 
8.074 * 10 4  3.117 A t

8.311 * 10 -5  q2
Δp bit  2 2
C A
d t 36
 Hydraulic Horsepower
of pump putting out 400 gpm at 3,000 psi = ?
Power  rate of doing work
 F* s/t

 Dp * A 
q
A
PH  qDp
In field units:

qDp 400 * 3,000

HHP    700hp
1714 1714 37
 What is Hydraulic Impact Force

developed by bit?

Consider:
CD  0.95
q  400 gal/min
  12 lb/gal
Δp n  1,169 psi
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 Impact = rate of change of momentum

Dmv   m   q vn
Fj     Dv 
Dt  Dt  32.17 * 60

CD  0.95
q  400 gal/min
Fj  0.01823 c d q  Dp
  12 lb/gal
Δp n  1,169 psi

Fj  0.01823 * 0.95 * 400 12 * 1,169  820 lbf

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