STEPS IN THE RESEARCH

PROCESS
1. Select a Topic.
What makes a topic "good"?
• It's a topic that strongly interest you.
• It's creative.
• It's not too broad.
2. Define the Problem
Define the research problem
• -the second and most important step in the re
search process.

• " A problem well-defined is half solved."

- The research problem should be accurately an
d precisely defined otherwise the task of desig
ning a good research would be difficult.
- the nature of the problem determines the typ
e of study to conduct.
General Problem
• The study aims to assess the difference on the
level of organizational commitment and it's im
pact to job involvement between permanent
and contractual instructors of PSAU.
Specific Problem
• Is there a significance difference on the level o
f job involvement between permanent and co
ntractual instructors in PSAU?
• 1.1 affective commitment
• 1.2 continuance commitment
• 1.3 normative commitment
3. Review the Literature
Literature Review

• -is a process of reviewing work of other within

your field and using that as a basis for your da
ta collection.
Why do we need to conduct a literature
review?
• To frame your research project, and to ensure
that your research question has not already b
een examined.
4. Formulate a Hypothesis or a
Problem Statement
• Clarity
• Focus
• Direction
• Objectivity
 Characteristics of a well-formulated
Research Hypothesis

• Testable and Verifiable

• Simple and Clear
• Relevant
5. Select a Research Design
• Quantitative Method
- Most commonly used in scientific research

• Qualitative Method
- A common choice in social science reseach
6. Carry Out the Research
Questions before collecting data
• What do i need to find out?
• Which key words will help me find relevant inf
ormation?
• Where am I going to find information?
Questions after collecting data

• Have i got all the info needed? Is there anythi

ng missing?
• Can I use the information I have to answer the
research problem?
7. Data Analysis
1. CODING – in research methodology, it is a pr
eliminary step to analyse data.

CODE – is a short word or phrase describing the

meaning and context of the whole sentence, phr
ase or paragraph.
 Quantitative analysis
Pre-coded - process of assigning codes to expec
ted answers on designed questionnaires.
Field-coded - process of assigning codes as soo
n as data is available, usually during field work
Post-coded - coding of open questions on comp
leted questionnaires
Office-coded - done after fieldwork.
 Qualitative analysis
Grounded coding – refers to allowing notable th
emes and patterns emerge from the documents
themselves.

Priori coding – requires the researcher to apply

pre-existing theoretical frameworks to analyse t
he documents.
 Types of first cycle coding methods

a. IN VIVO CODING

Example: “He cares about me. He has never told me bu

t he does. He’s always been there for me, even when m
y parents were not. He’s one of the few things that I ho
ld as a constant in my life. So it’s nice. I really feel comf
ortable around him.”

CODE: “COMFORTABLE”
b. PROCESS CODING

Example: Mrs Jackson rises from her desk and a

nnounces “OK, you guys, let’s lined up for lunch.
Row one.”

CODE: Lining up for lunch

c. VALUES CODING

Example: There’s just no place this country for ill

egal immigrants. Round them up and send those
criminals back to where they came from.

CODE: XENOPHOBIA
2. EDITING – is defined as the process involving
the review and adjustment of collected survey d
ata.
 Different methods of editing

1. Field editing – preliminary editing on the sa

me day as the interview. It is particularly usef
ul when personal interviews have been used
to gather data.

2. In-house editing – rigorously investigates the

results of data collection.
3. Interactive editing – commonly used for mod
ern computer-assisted manual editing.

• Recontact the respondent

• Compare the respondents data to his data fro
m previous year
• Compare the respondents data to data from si
milar respondents
4. Selective editing – umbrella term for several
methods to identify the influential errors.

a. The critical stream

b. The non-critical stream

5. Automatic editing – records are edited by a c

omputer without human intervention.
3.TABULATION – is the systematic arrangement
of the statistical data in columns or rows.
 Different types of tabulation

1. Simple tabulation or one-way tabulation – it

is when the data are tabulated to one characteristic
ONE WAY TABLE
REGIONS POPULATION (Millions)

NCR 10.875968
14.186954
ARMM 12.994401
CAR
2. Double tabulation or two-way tabulation –
when the data are tabulated according to two characteristi
cs at a time.
TWO WAY TABLE
POPULATION (Millions)
REGION
MALE FEMALE TOTAL

NCR 5.3365 3.6479 10.87596

ARMM 6.9786 8.9755 14.18695
CAR 8.8675 2.0975 12.99440
3. Complex Tabulation or three-way tabulation –
when the data are tabulated according to many ch
aracteristics
THREE-WAY TABLE

REGION POPULATION (Millions)

MALE FEMALE TOTAL
Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate Total Literate Illiterate Total

NCR

ARMM

CAR
4. Higher order tabulation – are those which pro
vide information about a large number of inter r
elated questions.
8. Interpretation and report writing
Techniques of interpretation

a. Explanation
b. Extraneous information
c. Guidance
d. Relevant factors
 Different steps in writing report.

1. Logical analysis of the subject matter

a. logically
b. chronologically

2. Preparation of the final outline

3. Preparation of the rough draft

4. Rewriting and polishing

5. Preparation of the final bibliography

6. Writing the final draft

 Parts of a research report
1. Preliminary pages
a. The title page shall give the following info’s in the order listed:

- The full title of the project and the subtitle if any;

- The full name of the author, followed, if desirable, by any qualifications and
distinctions
- The qualification for which the dissertation is submitted (“in partial
fulfilment for the Degree of…in…”)
- The name of the institution to which the dissertation is submitted (PSAU)
- The department and/or organization in which the project was conducted
(WMG)
- The month and year of submission
b. Researchers declaration

I declare that the thesis entitled “…………..”

is a record of independent research work carrie
d out by me under the supervision of Prof. XYZ.
This has not been previously submitted for the a
ward of any other diploma, degree or other…
c. Research supervisors certificate
d. Preface including acknowledgements
e. Table of content
f. List of figures and illustrations
g. List of abbreviations
 2. The text (main body of the report)

a. Introduction
b. The literature review/theory
c. Methodology
d. Findings and result
e. Discussion
 3. End matter

• Appendices – put here any data that was too

extensive to incorporate earlier. You can give t
he raw data to enable the reader to make his/
her own analysis.
9. Repeat
 The main determinants of this study include:

• To assure that results are reliable and valid

• To determine the role of extraneous variables
• To apply previous results to new situations
• To inspire new research combing previous fin
dings from related studies.
To God be all the glory!!!

Bartolome, Angelique R.
Beninsig, Jennifer
Caligagan, Arnie