Unit Lecture:

Chemical
Reactions
HS Chem : 9-12
Ms. Sandoval
Learning Objective
This lecture is designed to teach about chemical reactions and chemical equations at the high school level
according to NGSS standards. Students will learn to identify chemical versus physical changes, what drives a
chemical reaction, how to write and balance a chemical equation, stoichiometry and mole conversions, and to
recognize different types of chemical reactions and predict the product.

NGSS Standards
HS-PS1-2 Construct and revise an explanation for the outcome of a simple chemical reaction based
on the outermost electron states of atoms, trends in the periodic table, and knowledge
of the patterns of chemical properties.

HS-PS1-4 Develop a model to illustrate that the release or absorption of energy from a chemical
reaction system depends upon the changes in total bond energy.
Apply scientific principles and evidence to provide an explanation about the effects of
HS-PS1-5 changing the temperature or concentration of the reacting particles on the rate at which
a reaction occurs.
HS-PS1-6 Refine the design of a chemical system by specifying a change in conditions that would
produce increased amounts of products at equilibrium.*

HS-PS1-7 Use mathematical representations to support the claim that atoms, and therefore mass,
are conserved during a chemical reaction.
Lecture Outline
Pg 5-20 › What is a Chemical Reaction? Pg 33-46 › Types of chemical reactions
› Difference between chemical and › Synthesis
physical reactions › Decomposition
› What are phases? › Single replacement
› How do we know a chemical › Activity series
reaction has occurred?
› Double replacement
› Collision Theory
› Activation Energy
› Neutralization
› Energy Diagram › Driving force
› Rate of reaction › Combustion
› Precipitation
Pg 21-32 › What is a chemical equation?
› Characteristics of a chemical
equation
› Stoichiometry
› Law of conservation of mass
› Mole Conversions
› How do you handle ions in aqueous
solutions?
 What kind of chemical
reactions have you
encountered in your life?
 What is a chemical reaction?
 Chemical reaction
 a chemical change in which reactants
form one or more new products
 Reactants
 starting material for a chemical
reaction
 Products
 substance formed as a result of a
chemical reaction
Difference between chemical and
physical changes…
Physical Change
 Usually concerning changes in
states of matter
 Solids, Liquids, Gases, Plasmas
 No chemical bonds are created or
broken
Chemical Change
 a process that involves
rearrangement of the constituent
atoms of the reactants to form
new, different substances
through bond breakage and bond
formation between the atoms
What are phases?
 Phase
 distinct form of matter with uniform chemical and physical properties
 4 states of matter: solids, liquids, gases, & plasmas
 Phase change
 change in the state of matter of a sample
 if enough energy is added or removed to a system or pressure is increased or
decreased, a phase change may occur
 Phase diagram
 chart showing the phase of a substance according to temperature and
pressure
Phases

Increasing Energy
Phase Diagram
How do we know a chemical reaction has
occurred?
 The collision theory contributes to the rate at
Collision Theory 
which a reaction will occur
 Two things need to happen for a reaction to
occur:
1. The species need to collide in the right orientation
2. and with enough energy to overcome the activation
energy barrier for the chemical bonds to break
 The more collisions that occur, the higher the
possibility for atoms to bounce onto one another
in different orientations, and the higher chance
a reaction will go to completion.
 Increasing the collision rate will increase the reaction
rate
Activation Energy
 Activation energy (Ea)
 the minimum amount of energy needed for a
chemical reaction to occur
 Endothermic
 process which absorbs thermal energy from its
environment
 Exothermic
 releasing energy to the environment in the form of
heat
 Catalyst
 substance that increases the chemical reaction rate
by decreasing its activation energy (Ea)
Energy Diagram
Endothermic Exothermic

Ea with Catalyst

Ea with Catalyst
 Temperature

Pressure
Concentration

Rate of
(for gasses only)

Reaction

Particle Size Catalyst

1 3
7

5
6

4
Energy
1 Ea
3 Energy of
products
7

Ea5with
catalyst Energy
6
absorbed
Energy of
2
reactants

4 path
Reaction
Precipitation
 Precipitate
 to form an insoluble compound by reacting salts or altering a
compound's solubility
 Need to reference solubility rules to predict whether a solid will form
 Precipitation is a clear indication of a chemical reaction occurring
Solubility Rules
What is a chemical equation?
 Chemical equation
 description of a chemical reaction,
including the reactants, products,
and direction of the reaction
 Word equation
 a chemical equation expressed in
words rather than chemical
formulas
 Balanced equation
 chemical equation in which the
number and type of atoms and the
electric charge is the same on both
the reactant and product sides of
the equation
What is a chemical
equation?
 Chemical equation
C2H2 + O2  CO2 + H2O + C2H2
reactants products

 Word equation

acetylene + oxygen  carbon dioxide + water + acetylene

 Balanced equation

3 C2H2 + _5 O2  4_ CO2 + _2 H2O + 1

_ _ C 2 H2
Characteristics of a Chemical Equation

 Balanced equation
 A chemical equation must have the same
number and type of atoms and the same
electric charge on both the reactant and
product sides

 Stoichiometry
 Gives quantitative relationship between the
reactants and/or products in a chemical
equation
  Conservation of mass
 law that states, in a closed system, matter
can change forms but not be created or
destroyed

 Conservation of energy
Law of Conservation
law which states energy can change forms
of Mass


but may not be created or destroyed

 1st law of thermodynamics

 law which states the total energy of a
system and its surroundings is a constant
value; energy can be transferred but not
created or destroyed
__ P4 + __ O2  __ P2O3

__C6H12 + __O2  __CO2 + __H2O

__CO2 + __H2O  __C6H12O6 + __O2

__Na + __Cl2  __NaCl

 1 P + __
__ 3 O  __
2 PO
4 2 2 3

1 9 6 6 O
__C6H12 + __O 2  __CO 2 + __H 2

6
__CO 6 O 1 H O
 __C 9
2 + __H2 6 12 6 + __O 2

2 1 2
__Na + __Cl2  __NaCl
Some Vocabulary…
 Atomic mass
 average mass of atoms of an element
 Mole
 chemical mass unit equal to 6.022 x 1023 molecules, atoms, or other particles
 Molecular weight
 sum of the atomic weights of atoms in a molecule
 Molar mass
 mass of one mole of a substance
 Avogadro’s number
 the number of particles in one mole of a substance; 6.0221 x 1023
 Density
 mass per unit volume
 Quantitative Relationships
_ C3H8 + _5 O2  4_ H2O + _3 CO2
1

Mole Ratio Essential Equations

1 mol C3H8 1 mol C3H8 1 mol C3H8  Mole
5 mol O2 4 mol H2O 3 mol CO2 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 =
5 mol O2 5 mol O2 4 mol H2O 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔Τ𝑚𝑜𝑙)
4 mol H2O 3 mol CO2 3 mol CO2
 Density
𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠 (𝑔)
𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 (𝑐𝑚3)
5 mol O2 4 mol H2O 3 mol CO2
1 mol C3H82 1 mol C3H8 1 mol C3H8

4 mol H2O 3 mol CO2 3 mol CO2

5 mol O2 5 mol O2 4 mol H2O
 1 mol = 6.022 x 1023 particles
Mole Conversions
particles

 Mole
× ÷
 Use Avogadro’s number to convert
to particles (6.022 x 1023
particles/mol)
 Use periodic table to convert to moles ×
grams ÷
 Use STP to convert liters (22.4
grams × ÷ Volume
L/mol) at STP

1 mol = molar mass 1 mol = 22.4L at STP

(from p-table)
 Moles to mass:
Find the mass of 0.760 mol of magnesium bromide.

 Mass to moles:
A bottle of copper (II) nitrate contains 110.6 g of compound. How many moles of
copper (II) nitrate are in the bottle?

 Moles to particles:
Determine the number of atoms that are in 0.78 mol of mercury.

 Particles to Moles:
How many moles of zinc sulfate contain 5.40 x 1024 formula units?

 Volume to moles:
A container with a volume of 563L contains how many moles of air at STP?
 Moles to mass: 79.2 g
Find the mass of 0.760 mol of magnesium bromide.

 Mass to moles: 0.5897 mol

A bottle of copper (II) nitrate contains 110.6 g of compound. How many moles of
copper (II) nitrate are in the bottle?

 Moles to particles: 5.0 x 1023 atoms

Determine the number of atoms that are in 0.78 mol of mercury.

 Particles to Moles: 0.897 mol

How many moles of zinc sulfate contain 5.40 x 1024 formula units?

 Volume to moles: 25.1 mol

A container with a volume of 563L contains how many moles of air at STP?
Ions in Aqueous Solutions
 Complete ionic equation
 chemical equation in which electrolytes in aqueous solution are written
as dissociated ions
 Spectator ions
 ion found in the same amount on both the reactant and product sides of
a chemical reaction that does not affect equilibrium
 Net ionic equation
 chemical equation that lists only the species participating in the
reaction
Ions in Aqueous Solutions
 Balanced molecular equation

Ba(NO3)2 (aq) + NiSO4 (aq)  Ni(NO3)2 (aq) + BaSO4 (s)

 Complete ionic equation

Ba2+ (aq) + 2NO 3

-
(aq) + Ni 2+
(aq) + SO 2-
4 (aq)  Ni 2+
(aq) + 2NO 3
-
(aq) + BaSO4 (s)

 Spectator ions

2NO3- (aq) , Ni 2+
(aq)

 Net ionic equation

Ba2+ (aq) + SO42- (aq)  BaSO4 (s)
Solubility Rules
Types of Chemical Reactions
 Synthesis (Combination)
 direct combination reaction; chemical reaction in which two or more species combine to
form a more complex product
 Decomposition
 chemical reaction in which a single reactant yields two or more products
 Single Replacement (Single Displacement)
 chemical reaction in which an ion of one reactant is exchanged for the corresponding ion of
another reactant
 Double Replacement (Double Displacement)
 chemical reaction in which two reactants exchange anions/cations to form two new products
using the same ions
 Neutralization (Acid-Base)
 chemical reaction between an acid and base that results in a neutral solution
 Combustion
 chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidizer that yields energy (usually heat and light)
Synthesis
A + B A B

Decomposition
A B A + B
Single Replacement
A B + C A C + B

Double Replacement
A B + C D A D + C B

Types of Chemical Reactions

Synthesis
 Synthesis (Combination)
 direct combination reaction; chemical reaction in which two or
more species combine to form a more complex product

_1 P4 + _3 O2  _2 P2O3
phosphorus oxygen phosphorus trioxide

_2 C5H5 + _1 Fe  1
_ Fe(C5H5)2
cyclopentadienyl iron ferrocene
Decomposition
 Decomposition
 chemical reaction in which a single reactant yields two or more
products

1 CaCO3  1
_ _ CaO + _1 CO2
calcium carbonate calcium oxide carbon dioxide

_1 O3  1O
_ + 1 O2
_
ozone oxygen atom oxygen
Single Replacement
 Single Replacement (Single Displacement)
 chemical reaction in which an ion of one reactant is exchanged for
the corresponding ion of another reactant

_1 Fe + 1_ CuCl2  1
_ FeCl2 + _1 Cu
iron copper (II) chloride iron (II) chloride copper

_1 Cu + _2 AgNO3  1
_ Cu(NO3)2 + _2 Ag
copper silver nitrate copper (II) nitrate silver
The more
reactive
element can
replace the
least reactive Most
element in a reactive
single
replacement
reaction.

Least
reactive
Double Replacement
 Double Replacement (Double Displacement)
 chemical reaction in which two reactants exchange anions/cations to form
two new products using the same ions

_1 Na3PO4 + _3 KOH  _3 NaOH + _

1 K3PO4
trisodium phosphate potassium hydroxide sodium hydroxide tripotassium phosphate

_1 MgCl2 + 1
_ Li2CO3  _1 MgCO3 + 2 LiCl
_
magnesium dichloride lithium carbonate magnesium carbonate lithium chloride
Double replacement reactions will occur if
there is a driving force.

 formation of water
acid base salt water

 formation of gas Solution

 precipitation – formation of a solid

Precipitate
Neutralization
 Neutralization (Acid-Base)
 chemical reaction between an acid and base that results in a
neutral solution

_2 HBr + _1 Ba(OH)2  2_ H2O + 1_ BaBr2

hydrobromic acid barium hydroxide water barium bromide

_1 HI + _1 NaOH  1_ H2O + 1_ NaI

hydriodic acid sodium hydroxide water sodium iodide
Combustion
 Combustion
 chemical reaction between a fuel and oxidizer that yields energy
(usually heat and light)

_1 C6H12 + _9 O2  _ CO2
6 + _6 H2O
cyclohexane oxygen carbon dioxide water

_1 C3H6O + _4 O2  3
_ CO2 + _3 H2O
acetone oxygen carbon dioxide water
 KBr Na2CO3 CaS

AgNO3

BaCl2

Al(NO3)3
 KBr Na2CO3 CaS

KNO3 + AgBr NaNO3 + Ag2CO3 Ca(NO3)2 + Ag2S

AgNO3

KCl + BaBr2 BaCO3 + NaCl BaS + CaCl2

BaCl2

AlBr3 + KNO3 Al2(CO3)3 + NaNO3 Al2S3 + Ca(NO3)2

Al(NO3)3
____ Ca(OH)2 + ____ Al2(SO4)3  ____ CaSO4 + ____ Al(OH)3

____ Mg + ____ Fe2O3  ____ Fe + ____ MgO

____ C2H4 + ____ O2  ____ CO2 + ____ H2O

____ PbSO4  ____ PbSO3 + ____ O2

____ H2SO4 + ____ NH4OH  ____ H2O + ____ (NH4)2SO4

 3 1 3 2 Double
____ Ca(OH)2 + ____ Al2(SO4)3  ____ CaSO4 + ____ Al(OH)3 Replacement
3 1 3
2 Fe + ____ Single
____ Mg + ____ Fe2O3  ____ MgO
Replacement
1 3 2 2
____ C2H4 + ____ O2  ____ CO2 + ____ H2O Combustion
2 2 1 Decomposition
____ PbSO4  ____ PbSO3 + ____ O2

1 2 2 1
____ H2SO4 + ____ NH4OH  ____ H2O + ____ (NH4)2SO4 Neutralization
Sources
 https://www.thoughtco.com/a-to-z-chemistry-dictionary-4143188
 http://www.chem4kids.com/
 https://sciencing.com/5-ways-chemical-change-occurred-10025863.html
 https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Inorganic_Chemistry/Supplemental
_Modules_(Inorganic_Chemistry)/Chemical_Reactions
 https://www.teacherspayteachers.com/FreeDownload/Physical-vs-Chemical-
Change-FREE-cut-paste-activity-932183
 https://www.hofstra.edu/pdf/academics/colleges/seas/ctl/misp/misp_solubi
lity_worksheet_2_l1_jul11.pdf