ELEMENTAL COMPOSITION OF

PARTICULATE MATTER INSIDE

AUTOMOBILES USING INDUCTIVELY
COUPLED PLASMA- OPTICAL
EMISSION SPECTROSCOPY(ICP-OES)
PREPARE BY:
HAFIZI BIN MUHAMAD
2008778909
AS225 [BSAC] / FSG
SUPERVISOR:
PUAN NOR SUHAILA BINTI MOHAMAD HANAPI
CHAPTER 1.0 INTRODUCTION
1.1 Problem Statement
1.2 Significance of study
1.3 Objectives

CHAPTER 2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

CHAPTER 3.0 METHODOLOGY

3.1 Reagent
3.2 Instrument
3.3 Samples
3.4 Sample analysis
Problem statement

• Quality of indoor air that associates with exposure to

a large range of pollutants include particles, mists,
acid and gases.
• People spend approximately 90% of their time a day
indoor.
• According to EPA, pollutants level of indoor air 2-5
times higher than outdoor air.
• Most pollutants float in air are invisible and not easy
to estimate its concentration.
• The surrounding in the car is a part of living
environment because people spend a long
time inside car for daily activities.
• The automobiles indoor air is contaminated by
the chemicals diffusing from interior material.
• Common health effect relate with indoor air
pollution are Sick Building Syndrome and
Building Related Illness.
Significance of study
• It is important to develop a study with a proper
technique being applied to analyzed the possible
pollutants presence in indoor car environment.

• In my study, the groundwork for a procedure that

can be used is developed and the heavy metals
composition is analyzed by using ICP-OES. This will be
very significant and helpful for indoor air quality
assessor for carry out assessments of risks and
health effects.
Objectives

The objectives of this study include:

1.To identify the presence of heavy metals
inside automobiles .
2.To determine the concentration of heavy
metal elements presence in the samples.
Literature review

• In modern motorized society, the cabin of an

automobile can be considered to be a part of living
environment since many people spend long period of
time for their daily activities (Toshiaki Yoshida and
Ichiro Matsunaga, 2006).
• Recently, the studies have provide solid evidence for
the association of air particulate matter
concentrations with health effects (Vousta and
Samara, 2002).
• Human exposure to trace metals occur primarily
through inhalation of air and the concentrations of
trace metals in air vary considerably depending on
the source of trace metals emissions (Borai and
Soliman, 2001)
Previous study and result
Sources Description
Riediker et al., 2003 The exposure to components
of air pollution in patrol
vehicles, at an ambient and a
roadside location was
determined in the autumn of
2001.
Buters et al., 2007 A new and 3 year old vehicle
were subjected to test the
potential health effects of
emissions from interior
materials.
Malekiha and Talebi., Determination of heavy metals
2008 associated with airborne
particulate matter in
atmosphere was performed by
ICO-OES
Result
Levels of carbon monoxide,
hydrocarbons and some
metals were highest in the
cars, and roadside levels
were higher than ambient
levels.
The major compounds in
the new and used motor
vehicle indoor air was VOC.
A slight but statistically
significant of some metals
were determined.
Indicate that traffic in the
city is a major source
responsible for introducing
heavy metals into the
atmosphere.
Potential health effects

• The acute lung injury induced by residual oil fly ash

was mainly due to transition metals (Othman A.
Farghaly and Ghondour, 2005).

• Particle size and shape are critical factors controlling

the extent to which airborne particles penetrate the
human respiratory tract (Vousta and Samara, 2002)
Methodology

Chemicals
Chemicals Grade

Nitric acid (HNO3) concentrated, ultra pure

ICP Multielement Standard Solution Ultra pure, 1.0 µg/ml

Dilution acid 2% HNO3

Distilled water and deionized water -

Source: NIOSH Manual of Analytical Methods, Fourth Edition, 2003 .

 Samples

Car A (Proton) Car B (Produa)

samples are collected in the selected car by using Gilian

Air Sampler which is located at height about 1 meter from
the floor.
Instruments
Inductively Coupled Plasma – Optical Emission
Spectroscopy
(ICP-OES).

•Model: Optima 5300DV by Perkin Elmer

• Gilian Personal Air Sampler

• Membrane filter 0.45 micrometer pore size
• Sampling casette:
- Designed for quick collection of a wide range of
airborne.
- Providing a much broader overview of
potential contaminants than conventional
sampling technique.
 Sample analysis

HNO3 & HCl heat Filtered into volumetric

flask (100 ml)
(ratio 3: 1)

Diluted to 100 ml
with distiiled water
Result were
obtain

ICP-OES Keep refrigerated

References
Borai and A. A. Soliman (2001). Monitoring and statistical evaluation of heavy metals in
airborne particulates
Joreon T. M. Buters, W. Schober, T. Jacob, A. A. Pimentel, J. Huss-Marp, C. Tridl-
Hoffman, Sabin Mair, F. Mayer, K. Breuer and H. Behrendt (2007). Toxicity of
parked motor vehicle indoor air.
Malekiha and S. M. Talebi (2008). Simultaneous Determination of Trace Heavy Metals in
Ambient Aerosol by Inductively Coupled Plasma Atomic Spectroscopy.
Micheal Riedeker, Ronald William, Robert Devlin and Thomas Griggs (2003). Exposure
to particulate matter, volatile organic compounds and other air pollutants inside
patrol cars.
Othman A. Farghaly and M. A. Ghandour (2005). Square-wave stripping voltammetry for
direct determination of eight heavy metals in soil and indoor- airborne particulate
matter
Toshiaki Yoshida and Ichiro Matsunaga (2006). A case study on identification of airborne
organic compounds and time courses of their concentrations in the cabin of a
new car for private use.
Vousta and C. Samara (2002). Labile and bioaccessible fractions of heavy metals in the
airborne particulate matter from urban and industrial areas.