Programming

If Statements &
Relational
Operators
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 2

Conditional Statements

 A conditional statement allows us to control

whether a program segment is executed or
not.

 Two constructs
 if statement
– if
– if-else
– if-else-if
 switch statement
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 3

If statement

 Decision making structures require that

the programmer specify one or more
conditions to be evaluated or tested by the
program, along with a statement or
statements to be executed if the condition
is determined to be true, and optionally,
other statements to be executed if the
condition is determined to be false.

COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 4
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 5

Nested if
 In case the body of the if statement lies in
entirity inside another if statemt the structure
is called nest if.
if(condition/s)
{
if(condition)
{
// body of internal if
}
}
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 6

The Basic if Statement

 Syntax
if(condition)
false
action condition

 if the condition is true then

execute the action. true

 action is either a single action

statement or a group of
statements within braces.
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 7

Choice (if)

 Put multiple action statements

within braces

if (it's raining){
<take umbrella>
<wear raincoat>
}
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 8

Absolute Value
// program to read number & print its absolute value
#include <iostream>
using namespace std;
int main(){
int value;
cout << "Enter integer: ";
cin >> value;
if(value < 0)
value = -value;
cout << "The absolute value is " << value << endl;
return 0;
}
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 9

Relational Operators
Relational operators are used to compare two values to
form a condition.
Math C++ Plain English
= == equals [example: if(a==b) ]
[ (a=b) means put the value of b into a ]
< < less than
 <= less than or equal to
> > greater than
 >= greater than or equal to
 != not equal to
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 10

Conditions
Examples:

Number_of_Students < 200

10 > 20

20 * j == 10 + i
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 11

Operator Precedence
Which comes first?

Answer: * / %
+ -
< <= >= >
== !=
=
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 12

The Boolean Type

 C++ contains a type named bool for conditions.
 A condition can have one of two values:
 true (corresponds to a non-zero value)
 false (corresponds to zero value)

 Boolean operators can be used to form more complex conditional

expressions.
 The and operator is &&
 The or operator is ||
 The not operator is !
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 13

The Boolean Type

 Truth table for "&&" (AND):
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 &&
Operand2
true true true

true false false

false true false

false false false

COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 14

The Boolean Type

 Truth table for “||" (OR):
Operand1 Operand2 Operand1 ||
Operand2
true true true

true false true

false true true

false false false

COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 15

The Boolean Type

 Truth table for "!" (NOT):

Operand !Operand

true false

false true
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 16

A Boolean Type

 Assignments to bool type variables

bool P = true;
bool Q = false;
bool R = true;
bool S = P && Q;
bool T = !Q || R;
bool U = !(R && !Q);
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 17

More Operator Precedence

 Precedence of operators (from highest to lowest)

 Parentheses ( … )
 Unary operators !
 Multiplicative operators * / %
 Additive operators + -
 Relational ordering < <= >= >
 Relational equality == !=
 Logical and &&
 Logical or ||
 Assignment =
COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 18

More Operator Precedence

 Examples
5 != 6 || 7 <= 3

(5 !=6) || (7 <= 3)

5 * 15 + 4 == 13 && 12 < 19 || !false == 5 < 24

COMP102 Prog Fundamentals I: If Statements & Relational Operators /Slide 19

Sorting Two Numbers

int value1;
int value2;
int temp;
cout << "Enter two integers: ";
cin >> value1 >> value2;
if(value1 > value2){
temp = value1;
value1 = value2;
value2 = temp;
}
cout << "The input in sorted order: "
<< value1 << " " << value2 << endl;