CH 23 2 Electron Transport 5th Ed

23.
2 Electron Transport and ATP
The enzymes and

electron carriers for
electron transport are
located along the
inner membrane of
the mitochondria.
Learning Goal Describe the transfer of hydrogen ions and

electrons in electron transport and the process of oxidative
phosphorylation in ATP synthesis.
General, Organic, and Biological Chemistry: Structures of Life, 5/e © 2016 Pearson Education, Inc.
Karen C. Timberlake
Electron Transport
The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 produced from

glycolysis, oxidation of pyruvate, and the citric acid cycle are
oxidized to provide the energy for the synthesis of ATP.
In electron transport or the respiratory chain,

• hydrogen ions and electrons from NADH and FADH2 are
passed from one electron acceptor or carrier to the next
until they combine with oxygen to form H2O.
• energy released during electron transport is used to
synthesize ATP from ADP and Pi during oxidative
phosphorylation.
Karen C. Timberlake
Glycolysis, Citric Acid Cycle Results
Karen C. Timberlake
Electron Transport System
In the electron transport system,

• there are five protein
complexes, which are numbered
I, II, III, IV, and V.
• two electron carriers, coenzyme
Q and cytochrome c, attached
to the inner membrane of the
mitochondrion, carry electrons
between these protein
complexes bound to the inner
membrane.
Karen C. Timberlake
Electron Transport Chain
In electron transport, the oxidation of NADH and FADH2

provides hydrogen ions and electrons that eventually
react with oxygen to form water.
Karen C. Timberlake
Complex I
In complex I,
• electron transport begins when hydrogen ions and
electrons are transferred from NADH to complex I.
• loss of hydrogen from NADH regenerates NAD+ to
oxidize more substrates in oxidative pathways such
as the citric acid cycle.
• hydrogen ions and electrons are transferred to the
mobile electron carrier CoQ, forming CoQH2.
• CoQH2 carries electrons from complexes I and II to
complex III.
Karen C. Timberlake
Complex I, Electron Transfer
During electron transfer,

• H+ ions are pumped through complex I into the
intermembrane space, producing a reservoir of H+
(hydrogen ion gradient).
• for every two electrons that pass from NADH to CoQ,
4H+ are pumped across the mitochondrial membrane,
producing a charge separation on opposite sides of
the membrane.
Karen C. Timberlake
Complex II
Complex II consists of the enzyme succinate

dehydrogenase from the citric acid cycle.
In complex II,
• CoQ obtains hydrogen and electrons directly from
FADH2. This produces CoQH2 and regenerates the
oxidized coenzyme FAD, which becomes available to
oxidize more substrates.
Karen C. Timberlake
Complex III
Complex II consists of the enzyme succinate

dehydrogenase from the citric acid cycle.
In complex II,
• CoQ obtains hydrogen and electrons directly from
FADH2 and becomes CoQH2.
• two electrons are transferred from the mobile carrier
CoQH2 to a series of iron-containing proteins called
cytochromes.
• electrons are then transferred to two cytochrome c,
which can move between complexes III and IV.
Karen C. Timberlake
Complex III, Cytochrome c
Cytochrome c
• contains Fe3+/Fe2+, which is
reduced to Fe2+ and oxidized
to Fe3+.
• generates energy from electron
transfer to pump 4H+ from the
matrix into the intermembrane
space, increasing the hydrogen
ion gradient.
Karen C. Timberlake
Complex IV
At complex IV,
• four electrons from four cytochrome c are passed to
other electron carriers.
• electrons combine with hydrogen ions and oxygen
(O2) to form two molecules of water.
• energy is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial

matrix into the intermembrane space, further
increasing the hydrogen ion gradient.
Karen C. Timberlake
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Energy is coupled with the production of ATP in a process

called oxidative phosphorylation. In 1978, Peter
Mitchell theorized about a chemiosmotic model, which
• links the energy from electron transport to a hydrogen
ion gradient that drives the synthesis of ATP.
• allows complexes I, III, and IV to act as hydrogen ion
pumps, producing a hydrogen ion gradient.
• equalizes pH and electrical charge between the matrix
and intermembrane space that occurs when H+ must
return to the matrix.
Karen C. Timberlake
Oxidative Phosphorylation, ATP
In the chemiosmotic model,

• H+ cannot move through the inner membrane but returns to
the matrix by passing through a fifth protein complex in the
inner membrane called ATP synthase (also called complex V).
• the flow of H+ from the intermembrane space through the ATP
synthase generates energy that is used to synthesize ATP
from ADP and Pi.
This process of oxidative phosphorylation couples the energy

from electron transport to the synthesis of ATP.
Karen C. Timberlake
Electron Transport and ATP Synthesis
• When NADH enters electron transport at complex I, the

energy transferred can be used to synthesize 2.5 ATP.
• When FADH2 enters electron transport at complex II, it
provides energy for the synthesis of 1.5 ATP.
• Current research indicates that the oxidation of one
NADH yields 2.5 ATP and one FADH2 yields 1.5 ATP.
Karen C. Timberlake
Regulation of Electron Transport and
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Electron transport
• is regulated by the availability of ADP, Pi, oxygen (O2),
and NADH.
• decreases with low levels of any of these compounds and
decreases the formation of ATP.
When a cell is active and ATP is consumed rapidly, the

elevated levels of ADP will activate the synthesis of ATP.
The activity of electron transport is strongly dependent on
the availability of ADP for ATP synthesis.
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Match each with its function:

CoQ cyt c
A. a mobile carrier between complexes II and III

B. carries electrons from complexes I and II to
complex III
C. accepts H and electrons from FADH2
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Match each with its function:

CoQ cyt c
A. a mobile carrier between complexes II and III Cyt C

B. carries electrons from complexes I and II to
complex III CoQ
C. accepts H and electrons from FADH2 CoQ
Karen C. Timberlake
Study Check
Classify each as a product of the

1. CO2
A. citric acid cycle B. electron transport chain
2. FADH2
3. NAD+
4. NADH
5. H2O
Karen C. Timberlake
Solution
Classify each as a product of the

1. CO2 A. citric acid cycle
2. FADH2 A. citric acid cycle
3. NAD+ B. electron transport chain
4. NADH A. citric acid cycle
5. H2O B. electron transport chain
Karen C. Timberlake

CH 23 2 Electron Transport 5th Ed

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CH 23 2 Electron Transport 5th Ed

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23.

2 Electron Transport and ATP

The enzymes and

Learning Goal Describe the transfer of hydrogen ions and

The reduced coenzymes NADH and FADH2 produced from

In electron transport or the respiratory chain,

In the electron transport system,

In electron transport, the oxidation of NADH and FADH2

During electron transfer,

Complex II consists of the enzyme succinate

Complex II consists of the enzyme succinate

• energy is used to pump H+ from the mitochondrial

Energy is coupled with the production of ATP in a process

In the chemiosmotic model,

This process of oxidative phosphorylation couples the energy

• When NADH enters electron transport at complex I, the

When a cell is active and ATP is consumed rapidly, the

Match each with its function:

A. a mobile carrier between complexes II and III

Match each with its function:

A. a mobile carrier between complexes II and III Cyt C

Classify each as a product of the

Classify each as a product of the

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