CITATION / BIBLIOGRAPHY

Moazzam Ali
 CITATION DEFINED
 A citation is a reference to a published or
unpublished source (not always the original source)
 A bibliographic citation is a reference to a book,
article, web page, or other published item
 Citations should supply sufficient detail to identify the
item uniquely
 Different citation systems and styles are used in
scientific citation, legal citation, prior art, and the arts
and the humanities
 BIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINED
 Bibliography (from Greek bibliographia, literally "book
writing"), is the academic study of books
 A bibliography is a systematic list of books and other works
such as journal articles
 Bibliographies range from "works cited" lists at the end of
books and articles to complete, independent publications

 As separate works, they may be in bound volumes such as

those shown on the right, or computerized bibliographic
databases
 A library catalog is bibliographic in nature
 BIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINED

 Bibliographic works differ in the amount of detail depending

on the purpose, and can be generally divided into two
categories:

 ENUMERATIVE BIBLIOGRAPHY - which results in an

overview of publications in a particular category

 ANALYTICAL OR CRITICAL BIBLIOGRAPHY - which

studies the production of books
 BIBLIOGRAPHY DEFINED

 In earlier times, bibliography mostly focused on books.

Now, both categories of bibliography cover works in other
formats including recordings, motion pictures and videos,
graphic objects, databases, CD-ROMs and websites
 HOW TO WRITE CITATION?
 Citation for an article from an electronic source should
include these important elements:
Author (if given)
Article title
Date of publication
Database Name
Date of access
 Citation for a book should include these important
elements:
Author (s) or Editor (s)
Title of the book
Place of publication:
Publisher
Date of publication
 HOW TO WRITE CITATION?
 Citation for an electronic book should include these
important elements:
Author or Editor
Title of the book
Place of publication
Publisher
Date of publication
Address of the site
Date you accessed it
 Citation for a short story should include these important
elements:
Author
Title of the short story
Title of the anthology
Editor of the anthology
Publisher and city
Page on which the story begins
 HOW TO WRITE CITATION?
 Citation for an article from an encyclopedia should include
these important elements:
Author (if given)
Title of article
Title of the encyclopedia
Volume number
Page number
Date of publication
 Citation for an article from an online encyclopedia should
include these important elements:
Author (if given)
Title of article
Title of the encyclopedia
Date published on the web
Publisher
Date you accessed the material
URL
 HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?
 One author
 Last name, First name. Title of book. Place of
publication: Publisher, copyright date.
 Editor instead of author
 Last name, First name., ed. Title of book. Place of
publication: Publisher, copyright date.
 Two or more authors
 Last name, First name, and First name Last Name.
Title of book. Place of publication: Publisher,
copyright date.
 Dictionaries
 "Word looked up." Title of dictionary. copyright date.
 HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?
Encyclopedias
 Signed Encyclopedia Entry
 Last name, First name. "Title of Encyclopedia
entry." Title of Encyclopedia. date edited.,
volume number., page.

 Unsigned Encyclopedia Entry

 "Title of Encyclopedia entry." Title of
Encyclopedia. date edited., volume number.,
page.
 HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?
Interviews
 Telephone Interview
 Last name of person interviewed, First name. Telephone
Interview. Date of interview.
 Personal Interview
 Last name of person interviewed, First name. Personal
Interview. Date of interview.
 Internet Interview
 Last name of person interviewed, First name. Internet
interview. Date of interview.
 HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?
Newspapers

 Unsigned Article

 "Title of Article." Title of Newspaper Date of

newspaper: page number.

 Signed Article

 Last name, First name. "Title of Article." Title of

Newspaper. Date of newspaper: page number.

 HOW TO WRITE BIBLIOGRAPHY?
Internet
 Database (like Inspire)
 "Title of Article." Magazine Title volume issue (day
month year): Database Used.
 Signed Websites
 Last name, First name. "Website Title." Available at:
complete internet address. date accessed.
 Unsigned Websites
 "Website Title." Available at: complete internet
address. date accessed.