Let’s have a review…

• Why do people conduct a

research? Give an example
to support your answer.
 Let’s have a review…
• Cite a specific area, field or
discipline where research
can be used. Support your
answer.
 Let’s test your stock knowledge…
1. A central concept in research and pertains to
anything that assume varied numerical or
categorical values is called?
a. Demographic c. Paradigm
b. Variable d. Framework

2. Values that can be divided into fractions and can

take infinite number on the value that can occur
within a population is called
a. Nominal c. Continuous
b. Ordinal d. Discrete
 Let’s test your stock knowledge…
3. Any variable that has a limited number of
distinct values and which cannot be divided into
fractions
a. Nominal c. Continuous
b. Ordinal d. Discrete

4. Values that can be divided into fractions and can

take infinite number on the value that can occur
within a population is called
a. Nominal c. Continuous
b. Ordinal d. Discrete
 Let’s test your stock knowledge…
5. How do you call the variables that represent
categories that cannot be ordered in any
particular way? Examples are Biological sex,
political affiliation, basketball fan affiliation, etc.
a. Nominal c. Ratio
b. Ordinal d. Interval

6. It represent categories that can be ordered from

greatest to smallest. For example Education
level, income brackets, etc. It is called
a. Nominal c. Ratio
b. Ordinal d. Interval
 Let’s test your stock knowledge…
7. How do you call the variables having values that
lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers
(ex. Temperature)?
a. Ratio c. Nominal
b. Interval d. Ordinal

8. How do you call the variable having values that

lie along an evenly dispersed range of numbers
when there is an absolute zero (ex. scores from
survey cannot go below zero)?
a. Ratio c. Nominal
b. Interval d. Ordinal
 Let’s test your stock knowledge…
9. Those variables that probably cause, influence,
or affect outcomes are called?
a. Dependent c. Independent
b. Discrete d. Continuous

10. Those that depend on the independent

variables: they are the outcomes or results of
the influence of the independent variables are
called?
a. Dependent c. Independent
b. Discrete d. Continuous
 VARIABLES

DENNIS M. CHUMACERA
SHS Teacher
 Objectives
At the end of the lesson, students must be able
to:
1. Define variable
2. Identify the different types of variables, their
uses and examples
3. Determine the cause and effect (independent
and dependent) variables in a title
 Kinds of Variables and their Uses
Note: Group work. Reporting. Discussion.

1. What is the title of your research in PR1?

2. Are there variables in your study? What are
they?
3. Supposing you can change one of your variable
(increase, decrease) will affect the other
variable? Why or why not?
4. What then is variable?
 What’s the title of your Research?
• EMPLOYEES’ INSIGHTS ON EFFECTIVE PERSONNEL
MANAGEMENT-subjects needed to be studied
• COMPENSATION AND REWARDS AND ITS EFFECTS
ON EMPLOYEES’ PERFORMANCE-the most
important and the major focus of the study
• PERCEPTIONS ABOUT GENDER INEQUALITY AND
ITS EFFECTS IN ENTREPRENEURSHIP-specific topic
in every study in which every word is connected
• MOTIVATIONAL INFLUENCES OF SUCCESSFUL
ENTREPRENEUR-one of the most important
element of the study; central idea
• PERCEPTIONS OF SHS STUDENTS OF DMNHS
ON THE CAUSES OF TEENAGE PREGNANCIES-
are the main branches of the topic
 Variables and their Uses
• Root word is “vary” or simply “can change”

• Among the fundamental concepts of research,

alongside with measurement, validity, cause
and effect and theory

• Something that can take more than one value,

and values can be words or numbers (Bernard,
1994)
 Variables and their Uses
• Central concept in research
• Measurable characteristics that changes in value
• Vary from one group to another, one person to
another or even with the same person over time
• Anything that assume varied numerical or
categorical values
• Ex. Sex, sociological status, educational
attainment, etc.
Types of Variables-Continuous Variable
• can take infinite number on the value that can
occur within a population
• Values can be divided into fractions
• Ex. Age, height, temperature
 Types of Variables-Discrete Variable
• Also known as categorical or classificatory
variable
• Any variable that has a limited number of
distinct values and which cannot be divided
into fractions
• Ex. Sex, blood group, number of children
 Types of Discrete Variables
1. NOMINAL VARIABLES—represent categories
that cannot be ordered in any particular way
(ex. Biological sex, political affiliation,
basketball fan affiliation, etc.)

2. ORDINAL VARIABLES—represent categories

that can be ordered from greatest to smallest
(ex. Education level, income brackets, etc.)
 Types of Continuous Variables
1. INTERVAL VARIABLES—have values that lie along
an evenly dispersed range of numbers (ex.
Temperature, a person’s net worth, etc.)

2. RATIO VARIABLES—have values that lie along an

evenly dispersed range of numbers when there is
an absolute zero (ex. Opposed to net worth,
which can have income or some positive amount
income, scores from survey cannot go below
zero)
 MAJOR KINDS OF VARIABLES
• INDEPENDENT VARIABLES—those that
probably cause, influence, or affect outcomes.
They are invariably called treatment,
manipulated, antecedent or predictor
variables
• DEPENDENT VARIABLES—those that depend
on the independent variables: they are the
outcomes or results of the influence of the
independent variables
 MAJOR KINDS OF VARIABLES
• INTERVENING or MEDIATING VARIABLES—”stand
between” the independent and dependent
variables, and they show the effects of the
independent variable on the dependent variable
• CONTROL VARIABLES—special type of dependent
variables that are measured in a study because
they potentially influence the dependent
variable. They may be demographic or personal
variables that need to be “controlled” so that the
true influence of the independent variable on the
dependent can be determined.
 MAJOR KINDS OF VARIABLES
• CONFOUNDING VARIABLES—those that are not
actually measured or observed in a study. They
exist but their influence cannot be directly
detected in a study. Researchers comment on the
influence of confounding variables after the study
has been completed, because these variables
may have operated to explain the relationship
between the independent variable and
dependent variable, but they were not or could
not be easily assessed.
 Phenomenon: Cause, Effect, or both?
• A. CLIMATE CHANGE
examples of variables related to climate
change
1. sea level
2. temperature
3. the amount of carbon emission
4. the amount of rainfall
 Phenomenon: Cause, Effect, or both?
• B. CRIME AND VIOLENCE ON STREETS
examples of variables related to crime and
violence on streets
1. number of robberies
2. number of attempted murders
3. number of prisoners
4. number of crime victims
5. number of law enforcers
6. number of convictions
7. number of carnapping incidents
 Phenomenon: Cause, Effect, or both?
• C. POOR PERFORMANCE OF STUDENTS IN COLLEGE
ENTRANCE EXAMS
examples of variables related to poor performance
1. entrance exam score
2. number of hours devoted to studying
3. student-teacher ratio
4. number of students in the class
5. educational attainment
6. teaching style
7. the distance of school from home
8. number of hours devoted by parents in providing
tutorial support
 Phenomenon: Cause, Effect, or both?
• D. FISH KILL
examples of variables related to fish kill
1. dissolved oxygen
2. water salinity
3. temperature
4. age of fish
5. presence or absence of parasites
6. presence or absence of heavy metals
7. stocking density
 Phenomenon: Cause, Effect, or both?
• E. POOR CROP GROWTH
examples of variables related to poor crop
growth
1. the amount of nitrogen in the soil
2. the amount of phosphorus in the soil
3. the amount of rainfall
4. the amount of potassium in the ground
5. frequency of weeding
6. temperature