Projectile Motion

Presentation
Presentation By
By
Sabeen
Sabeen Sherafgan
Sherafgan
Objectives: After completing this
module, you should be able to:
 Describe the motion of a projectile by
treating horizontal and vertical components
of its position and velocity.
• Solve for position, velocity, or time when
given initial velocity and launch angle.
 Projectile Motion
A projectile is a particle moving near the
Earth’s surface under the influence of its
weight only (directed downward).

W
W W
a=g
Vertical and Horizontal Motion

Simultaneously dropping
yellow ball and projecting
red ball horizontally.

Click right to observe

motion of each ball.
Vertical and Horizontal Motion

Simultaneously dropping a
yellow ball and projecting a
red ball horizontally.

W W Why do they strike the

ground at the same time?

Once
Once motion
motion has has begun,
begun, the
the downward
downward
weight
weight isis the
the only
only force
force on
on each
each ball.
ball.
 Ball Projected Horizontally and
Another Dropped at Same Time:
Vertical Motion is the Same for Each Ball
vox
0s
vx
1s
vy vx vy
2s
vy vy
vx
3s
vy vy
Observe Motion of Each Ball
Vertical Motion is the Same for Each Ball
vox
0s
1s

2s

3s
 Consider Horizontal and
Vertical Motion Separately:
Compare Displacements and Velocities
vox 1s 2s 3s
0s
0s
vx 1s
vy
vx
Horizontal velocity 2s
doesn’t change. vy vx
3s
Vertical velocity just
like free fall. vy
 Displacement Calculations for
Horizontal Projection:
For any constant acceleration: x  vot  at 1
2
2

For the special case of horizontal projection:

ax  0; a y  g voy  0; vox  vo

Horizontal displacement: x  vox t

Vertical displacement: y  gt
1
2
2
 Velocity Calculations for Horizontal
Projection (cont.):
For any constant acceleration: v f  vo  at
For the special case of a projectile:
ax  0; a y  g voy  0; vox  vo

Horizontal velocity: vx  vox

Vertical velocity: v y  vo  gt
 Example 1: A baseball is hit with a
horizontal speed of 25 m/s. What is its
position and velocity after 2 s?
x +50 m
25 m/s y
-19.6 m

First find horizontal and vertical displacements:

x  voxt  (25 m/s)(2 s) xx =
= 50.0
50.0 m
m

y  gt  (9.8 m/s )(2 s)

1
2
2 1
2
2 2
yy =
= -19.6
-19.6 m
m
Example 1 Cont.): What are the velocity
components after 2 s?
25 m/s
vx
v0x = 25 m/s
v0y = 0 vy

Find horizontal and vertical velocity after 2 s:

vx  vox  (25 m/s) vvxx =
= 25.0
25.0 m/s
m/s

v y  voy  at  0  (9.8 m/s )(2 s)

2

vvyy =
= -19.6
-19.6 m/s
m/s
 Consider Projectile at an Angle:
AA red
red ball
ball isis projected
projected at at an angle .
an angle . At
At the
the same
same
time,
time, aa yellow
yellow ballball isis thrown
thrown vertically
vertically upward
upward
and
and aa green
green ballball rolls
rolls horizontally
horizontally (no
(no friction).
friction).

vx = vox = constant

voy vo v y  voy  at
 a  9.8 m/s 2

vox

Note vertical and horizontal motions of balls

 Displacement Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of displacement at time t are:

xx  vvoxoxtt  aaxxtt
11
22
22
yy  vvoyoytt  aayytt
11
22
22

For projectiles: ax  0; a y  g ; voy  0; vox  vo

Thus, the displacement x  voxt

components x and y for
projectiles are: y  voy t  gt 1
2
2
 Velocity Calculations For
General Projection:
The components of velocity at time t are:

vvxx  vvoxox aaxxtt vvyy  vvoyoy aayytt

For projectiles: ax  0; a y  g ; voy  0; vox  vo

Thus, the velocity vx  vox constant

components vx and vy
for projectiles are: v y  voy  gt
 Problem-Solving Strategy:
1. Resolve initial velocity vo into components:
vo
cos ;;
vvoxox  vvoo cos sin
vvoyoy  vvoo sin
voy

vox
2. Find components of final position and velocity:

Displacement: Velocity:
x  voxt vx  v0 x
y  voy t  gt
1
2
2
v y  voy  gt 2
 Problem Strategy (Cont.):
3. The final position and velocity can be found
from the components.

R yy
tan 
RR  xx  yy ;; tan
y 22 22
 xx
x

voy vo vvyy
tan 
vv  vv vv ;; tan
22 22
 xx yy
vvxx
vox
 Example 2: A ball has an initial velocity of
160 ft/s at an angle of 30o with horizontal.
Find its position and velocity after 2 s and
after 4 s.
voy 160 ft/s vox  (160 ft/s) cos 30  139 ft/s
0

30o v voy  (160 ft/s) sin 30  80.0 ft/s

0
ox

Since vx is constant, the horizontal displacements

after 2 and 4 seconds are:
x  voxt  (139 ft/s)(2 s) xx =
= 277
277 ftft
x  voxt  (139 ft/s)(4 s) xx =
= 554
554 ftft
 Example 2: (Continued)

voy 160 ft/s 2s 4s

30o v
ox
277 ft 554 ft

Note: We know ONLY the horizontal location

after 2 and 4 s. We don’t know whether it is on
its way up or on its way down.

xx22 =
= 277
277 ftft xx44 =
= 554
554 ftft
Example 2 (Cont.): Next we find the vertical
components of position after 2 s and after 4 s.

voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2

160 ft/s
y2
y4

0s 1s 2s 3s 4s

The vertical displacement as function of time:

y  voy t  gt  (80 ft/s)t  (32 ft/s )t
1
2
2 1
2
2 2

yy 80
80tt 16
22
16tt Observe consistent units.
(Cont.) Signs of y will indicate location of
displacement (above + or below – origin).
voy= 80 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
96 ft y2
16 ft y4

0s 1s 2s 3s 4s

Vertical position: yy 80

80tt 16
16tt
22

y2  80(2 s)  16(2 s) 2
y4  80(4 s)  16(4 s) 2

yy22 96
96 ftft yy44 16
16 ftft Each above origin (+)
 (Cont.): Next we find horizontal and vertical
components of velocity after 2 and 4 s.

voy 160 ft/s vox  (160 ft/s) cos 30  139 ft/s

0

30o v voy  (160 ft/s) sin 30  80.0 ft/s

0
ox

Since constant, vvxx =

Since vvxx isis constant, = 139
139 ft/s
ft/s at
at all
all times.
times.

Vertical velocity is same as if vertically projected:

v y  voy  gt ; where g  32 ft/s 2

At any vx  139 ft/s v y  voy  (32 ft/s)t

time t:
 Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 ft/s v2 g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s
v4

0s 1s 2s 3s 4s
At any vx  139 ft/s v y  voy  (32 ft/s)t
time t:

v y  80 ft/s  (32 ft/s)(2 s) vv2y2y =

= 16.0
16.0 ft/s
ft/s
v y  80 ft/s  (32 ft/s)(4 s) vv4y4y =
= -48.0
-48.0 ft/s
ft/s
 Example 2: (Continued)
vy= 80.0 ft/s v2 g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s Moving Up Moving down
+16 ft/s -48 ft/s
v4

0s 1s 2s 3s 4s

The signs of vy indicate whether motion is up

(+) or down (-) at any time t.
At 22 ss:: vv2x2x =
At = 139 ft/s; vv2y2y =
139 ft/s; =++ 16.0
16.0 ft/s
ft/s

At 44 ss:: vv4x4x =
At = 139 ft/s; vv4y4y =
139 ft/s; = -- 48.0
48.0 ft/s
ft/s
(Cont.): The displacement R2, is found from
the x2 and y2 component displacements.

t=2s y
R x y
2 2
tan  
x
R2 y2 = 96 ft

0 s x2= 277 ft 2 s 4s

96 ft
R  (277 ft)  (96 ft)
2 2
tan  
277 ft
RR22 =
= 293
293 ftft  = 19.1
= 19.1 00
(Cont.): Similarly, displacement R4, is found
from the x4 and y4 component displacements.

t=4s y
R x y
2 2
tan  
x
R4
y4 = 64 ft

0s x4= 554 ft 4s

64 ft
R  (554 ft)  (64 ft)
2 2
tan  
554 ft
RR44 =
= 558
558 ftft  = 6.59
= 6.59 00
 (Cont.): Now we find the velocity after
2 s from the components vx and vy.
v = 80.0 ft/s v2 g = -32 ft/s2
oy

160 ft/s Moving Up v2x = 139 ft/s

+16 ft/s
v2y = + 16.0 ft/s

0s 2s

16 ft
v2  (139 ft/s)  (16 ft/s)
2 2
tan  
139 ft
vv22 =
= 140
140 ft/s
ft/s  =
= 6.56
6.5600
 (Cont.) Next, we find the velocity after
4 s from the components v4x and v4y.
voy= 80.0 ft/s g = -32 ft/s2
160 ft/s v4x = 139 ft/s
v4y = - 48.0 ft/s v4

0s 4s
16 ft
v4  (139 ft/s)  (46 ft/s)
2 2
tan  
139 ft
vv44 =
= 146
146 ft/s
ft/s  = 341.7
= 341.7 00
Example 3: What are maximum height and
range of a projectile if vo = 28 m/s at 300?
voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s
vy = 0 ymax voy = + 14 m/s
30o v
ox

vox  (28 m/s) cos 30  24.2 m/s

0

voy  (28 m/s) sin 30  14 m/s

0

Maximum y-coordinate occurs when vy = 0:

v y  voy  gt  14 m/s  (9.8 m/s )t  0
2

ymax occurs when 14 – 9.8t = 0 or t = 1.43 s

Example 3(Cont.): What is maximum height
of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at 300?

voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s

vy = 0 ymax voy = + 14 m/s
30o v
ox

Maximum y-coordinate occurs when t = 1.43 s:

y  voy t  gt  14(1.43)  (9.8)(1.43)
1
2
2 1
2
2

y  20 m  10 m yymax = 10.0 m
max= 10.0 m
Example 3(Cont.): Next, we find the range
of the projectile if v = 28 m/s at 300.

voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s

voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr
The range xr is defined as horizontal distance
coinciding with the time for vertical return.
The time of flight is found by setting y = 0:
y  voy t  gt  0
1
2
2
(continued)
Example 3(Cont.): First we find the time of
flight tr, then the range xr.

voy 28 m/s vox = 24.2 m/s

voy = + 14 m/s
30o vox
Range xr

y  voy t  gt  0 1
2
2
(Divide by t)
voy 2(14 m/s)
voy  gt  0;
1 t  ; t  2.86 s
2
 g -(-9.8 m/s )
2

xr = voxt = (24.2 m/s)(2.86 s); xxrr =

= 69.2
69.2 m
m
 Example 4: A ball rolls off the top of a
table 1.2 m high and lands on the floor
at a horizontal distance of 2 m. What
was the velocity as it left the table?
Note: x = voxt = 2 m
R 0
1.2 m y = voyt + ½ayt2 = -1.2 m
2m

First find t from y equation: y  gt  1.2 m

1
2
2

2(1.2)
½(-9.8)t2 = -(1.2) t
9.8
tt =
= 0.495
0.495 ss
 Example 4 (Cont.): We now use horizontal
equation to find vox leaving the table top.
Note: x = voxt = 2 m
R
1.2 m y = ½gt2 = -1.2 m
2m

Use t = 0.495 s in x equation: vox t  2 m

2m
v ox (0.495 s) = 2 m; vox 
0.495 s
The ball leaves the
vv =
= 4.04
4.04 m/s
m/s
table with a speed:
 Example 4 (Cont.): What will be its speed
when it strikes the floor?
Note:
t = 0.495 s
vx = vox = 4.04 m/s
1.2 m 0
2m vx vy = vy + gt
vy
vy = 0 + (-9.8 m/s2)(0.495 s) vy = -4.85 m/s
4.85 m
v  (4.04 m/s)  (4.85 m/s)
2 2
tan  
4.04 m
vv44 =
= 146
146 ft/s
ft/s  = 309.8
= 309.8 00
Example 5. Find the “hang time” for the football
whose initial velocity is 25 m/s, 600.

y = 0; a = -9.8 m/s2 Initial vo:

vo =25 m/s
vox = vo cos 
Time of
60 0
flight t voy = vo sin 

Vox = (25 m/s) cos 600; vox = 12.5 m/s

Voy = (25 m/s) sin 600; vox = 21.7 m/s

Only vertical parameters affect hang time.

y  voy t  12 at 2 ; 0  (21.7)t  12 (9.8)t 2
Example 5 (Cont.) Find the “hang time” for the
football whose initial velocity is 25 m/s, 600.

y = 0; a = -9.8 m/s2 Initial vo:

vo =25 m/s
vox = vo cos 
Time of
60 0
flight t voy = vo sin 

y  voy t  at ; 0  (21.7)t  (9.8)t

1
2
2 1
2
2

4.9 t2 = 21.7 t 4.9 t = 21.7

21.7 m/s
t tt == 4.42
4.42 ss
4.9 m/s 2
 Example 6. A running dog leaps with initial
velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is the range?
Draw figure and voy = 11 sin 300
find components:
v = 11 m/s
vox = 9.53 m/s
=300
voy = 5.50 m/s vox = 11 cos 300

To find range, first find t when y = 0; a = -9.8 m/s2

y  voy t  at ; 0  (5.50)t  (9.8)t
1
2
2 1
2
2

4.9 t2 = 5.50 t 5.50 m/s

t 2 tt == 1.12
1.12 ss
4.9 t = 5.50 4.9 m/s
Example 6 (Cont.) A dog leaps with initial
velocity of 11 m/s at 300. What is the range?
Range is found voy = 10 sin 310
from x-component:
v = 10 m/s
vx = vox = 9.53 m/s
=310
x = vxt; t = 1.12 s vox = 10 cos 310

Horizontal velocity is constant: vx = 9.53 m/s

x = (9.53 m/s)(1.12 s) = 10.7 m

Range:
Range: xx == 10.7
10.7 m
m
 Summary for Projectiles:
1. Determine x and y components v0

cos and
vvoxox vvoo cos and sin
vvoyoy vvoosin

2. The horizontal and vertical components of

displacement at any time t are given by:

xx  vvoxoxtt yy  vvoyoytt  gt
11
gt
22
22
 Summary (Continued):
3. The horizontal and vertical components of
velocity at any time t are given by:
vvxx  vvoxox;; vvyy  vvoyoy  gt
gt
4. Vector displacement or velocity can then
be found from the components if desired:
yy
R  xx  yy tan 
tan
22 22
R
xx
CONCLUSION: Projectile
Motion