CIRCULATION

REPORT BY GROUP 2
BLOOD CIRCULATION

MOST ANIMALS ARE COMPLEX MULTICELLULAR

ORGANISMS THAT REQUIRE A MECHANISM FOR
TRANSPORT.
BLOOD CIRCULATION

– MOVEMENT OF BLOOD THROUGH THE VESSELS OF THE

BODY THAT IS INDUCED BY THE PUMPING ACTOIN OF
THE HEART.

– THE CIRCULATORY SYSTEM IS EFFECTIVELY A NETWORK

OF CYLINDRICAL VESSELS.
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
CLOSED CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
– ALL VERTEBRATES AND SOME
INVERTEBRATES
– BLOOD IS CONTAINED INSIDE
BLOOD VESSELS
OPEN CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
– SOME INVERTEBRATES
– THE BLOOD IS NOT ENCLOSE N BLOOD
VESSELS BUT IT IS PUMPED INTO A
CAVITY CALLES HEMOCOEL AND IS
CALLED HEMOLYMPH BECAUSE THE
BLOOD MIXES WITH INTERSTITIAL
FLUID, THEN HEMOLYMPH IS PUSHED
THOUGH ORGANS AND PULLED BACK
TO HOLES CALLED OSTIA
CIRCULATORY SYSTEMS
 BLOOD

– IMPORTANT FOR THE REGULATION OF BODY’S SYSTEMS AND HOMEOSTASIS.

– HELPS IN STABILIZING pH, TEMPERATURE, OSMOTIC PRESSURE, AND BY
ELIMINATING EXCESS HEAT.
– DISTRIBUTES NUTRIENTS AND HORMONES
– REMOVES WASTE
– PLAYS A PROTECTIVE ROLE
BLOOD
BLOOD TYPES RELATED TO PROTEINS
ON THE SURFACE OF THE RED BLOOD
CELL
– RED BLOOD CELLS ARE COATED IN ANTIGENS MADE OF GLYCOLIPIDS AND
GLYCOPROTEINS.
– AN ANTIGEN IS ANY SUBSTANCE TO WHICH THE IMMUNE SYSTEM CAN
RESPOND.
BLOOD TYPES RELATED TO PROTEINS
ON THE SURFACE OF THE RED BLOOD
CELL
– Red blood cells are coated in anti-gens made of glycolipids and glycoproteins.
– The composition of these molecules are determined by genetics.
– Most well known blood groups are the ABO, and RH system
– Aglutination occurs when type A and B are combined.
– RH blood group was first discovered in rhesus monkeys.
BLOOD TYPES RELATED TO PROTEINS
ON THE SURFACE OF THE RED BLOOD
CELL
HOW BLOOD
TRAVELS
THROUGH
THE WHOLE
BODY
LYMPHATIC SYSTEM

– THE LARGE AMOUNT OF FLUID THAT DIFFUSES FROM THE CAPILLARIES MOVES
INTO THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEMVIA SMALL LYMPH CAPILLARIES THAT ARE
INTERTWINED WITH THE CAPILLARIES OF THE BLOOD VESSEL SYSTEM.
GAS EXCHANGE

THE PRIMARY FUNCTION OF THE RESPIRATORY

SYSTEM IS TO DELIVER OXYGEN TO THE CELLS
OF THE BODY’S TISSUES AND REMOVE
CARBON DIOXIDE
GAS EXCHANGE

– ALL AEROBIC ORGANISMS REQUIRE OXYGEN TO CARRY OUT THEIR METABOLIC

FUNCTIONS.
– THE ENVIRONMENT GREATLY DETERMINES HOW AND ANIMAL RESPIRES
– AS ANIMAL SIZE INCREASES, DIFFUSION DISTANCES INCREASE AND THE RATION
OF SURFACE AREA TO VOLUME DROPS.
– DIFFUSION IS A SLOW PASSIVE TRANSPORT PROCESS
– IN PRIMITIVE MULTICELLULAR ORGANISMS, DIFFUSION ACROSS THE SURFACE IS
SUFFICIENT TO PROVIDE ENERGY
DIRECT DIFFUSION

GAS EXCHANGE BY DIRECT DIFFUSION ACROSS

SURFACE MEMBRANES IS EFFICIENT FOR
ORGANISMS LESS THAN 1 mm IN DIAMETER.
DIRECT DIFFUSION

– IN SIMPLE ORGANISMS, EVERY CELL IN THE BODY IS CLOSE TO THE EXTERNAL

ENVIRONMENT.
– THEIR CELLS ARE KEPT MOIST AND GASES DIFFUSE QUICKLIY VIA DIRECT
DIFFUSION
SKIN AND GILLS

EARTHWORMS AND AMPHIBIANS USE

THEIR SKIN (INTEGUMENT) AS A
RESPIRATORY ORGAN
SKIN AND GILLS

– A DENSE NETWORK OF CAPILLARIES LIES JUST BELOW THE SKIN AND

FACILITATES GAS EXCHANGE BETWEEN THE EXTERNAL ENVIRONMENT AND THE
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM
– ORGANISMS THAT LIVE IN WATER NEED TO OBTAIN OXYGEN FROM THE WATER.
FISH AND MANY OTHER AQUATIC ORGANISMS HAVE EVOLVED GILLS TO TAKE
UP THE DISSOLVED OXYGEN FROM WATER.
TRACHEAL SYSTEMS

INSECTS HAVE A SPECIALIZED TYPE OF

RESPIRATORY SYSTEM CALLED THE TRACHEAL
SYSTEM.
TRACHEAL SYSTEMS

– CONSISTS OF A NETWORK OF SMALL TUBES THAT CARRIES OXYGEN TO THE

ENTIRE BODY.
– MOST DIRECT AND EFFICIENT RESPIRATORY SYSTEM IN ACTIVE ANIMALS.
– THE TUBES IN THETRACHEAL SYSTEM ARE MADE OF A POLYMERIC MATERIAL
CALLED CHITIN.
MAMALIAN SYSTEMS

IN MAMMALS, PULMONARY VENTILATION

OCCURSVIA INHALATION.