The document discusses various communicative strategies used when communication problems arise. It describes 12 strategies speakers commonly use including message abandonment, topic avoidance, circumlocution, and approximation. It then discusses 7 types of communicative strategies in more detail: nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination. Nomination introduces topics clearly while restriction constrains responses. Turn-taking and topic control help discussions flow. Topic shifting and repair address issues. Termination ends interactions.
The document discusses various communicative strategies used when communication problems arise. It describes 12 strategies speakers commonly use including message abandonment, topic avoidance, circumlocution, and approximation. It then discusses 7 types of communicative strategies in more detail: nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination. Nomination introduces topics clearly while restriction constrains responses. Turn-taking and topic control help discussions flow. Topic shifting and repair address issues. Termination ends interactions.
The document discusses various communicative strategies used when communication problems arise. It describes 12 strategies speakers commonly use including message abandonment, topic avoidance, circumlocution, and approximation. It then discusses 7 types of communicative strategies in more detail: nomination, restriction, turn-taking, topic control, topic shifting, repair, and termination. Nomination introduces topics clearly while restriction constrains responses. Turn-taking and topic control help discussions flow. Topic shifting and repair address issues. Termination ends interactions.
One of the biggest sources of misunderstandings and communication breakdown is language. Studies show that the following are the twelve strategies that speakers commonly resort to when communication problems arise: Message Abandonment- You leave the message unfinished because of language difficulty.
Topic Avoidance- You try not to talk about
concepts difficult for you to express. Circumlocution- You describe or paraphrase the target object or action.
Approximation- You use an alternative
term (ship) to express the meaning of the target word (sail) as closely as possible. Use of all-purpose-words- You expand a general word to the context where certain words are lacking like the overuse of the words: thing, stuff, make, do, what-do-you- call-it, what-is-it.
Word Coinage- You create a new
English word based on what you know of the way English works like “vegetarianist” (which is not in the dictionary) for the “vegetarian” Use of nonverbal means- You mime, the gesture, use facial expression, and imitate sound to express the meaning you want.
Literal translation- You translate a word
or an idiom from your mother tongue to English using the structure of your first language. Foreignizing- You use the word in your native language but pronounce it like English.
Code switching- You use the native word
or expression for the English term that expresses the meaning you want. Appeal for Help- You ask other students or your teacher for help when you do not know or forget some words, structures or idioms.
Use of Fillers/ hesitation
devices- You use filling words (uhhmmmm) to gain time to think. Communicative Strategies
These are plans, ways or means of
sharing information which are adopted to achieve a particular social, political, psychological, or linguistic purpose. 7 Types of Communicative Strategies
Nomination- presenting a particular
topic clearly, truthfully, and saying only what is relevant. Restriction- constraining the response or reaction within a set of categories.
Turn-taking- recognizing when and how
to speak because it is one’s turn. Topic control- keeping the interaction going by asking questions and eliciting a response.
Topic shifting- introducing a new topic
followed by the continuation of that topic Repair- overcoming communication breakdown to send more comprehensible messages.
Termination- using verbal and nonverbal
signals to end the interaction. When introducing a topic at the beginning of a Communicative Situation, what is being used is the Nomination Strategy. It is a strategy that can also be applied any time during the course of an interaction as a way of continuing the communication. When this strategy is used, the topic is introduced in a clear and truthful manner, stating only what is relevant to keep the interaction focused. Examples:
Have you noticed the weird weather
lately? Is this because of global warming?
I was late for class again! The MRT
stopped midway. What is wrong with the MRT? Restriction Communicative Strategy is a strategy that constrains or restricts the Response of the other person involved in the Communication Situation. The Listener is forced to respond only within a set of categories that is made by the Speaker. Examples:
They say that the Philippine economy is
getting better. Only the stupid thinks that, right? (No one wants to be stupid.)
That arrest move was a disaster waiting to
happen. Do you agree? (Yes/No) Turn-taking Communicative Strategy requires that each Speaker speaks only when it is his/ her turn during interaction. Knowing when to talk depends on watching out for the verbal and nonverbal cues that signal the next Speaker that the previous Speaker has finished or the topic under discussion has been exhausted and a new topic may be introduced. At the same time, it also means that others should be given the opportunity to take turn. Turn-taking Communicative Strategy uses either an informal approach (just jump in and start talking) or a formal approach (permission to speak is requested). Examples:
I agree with the point just made. But may I
add that OFWs would rather be home and work here so they could be with their families.
May I have the floor, sir? The topic under
discussion is the state of the Philippine economy today. We want better lives for all Filipinos, whether they are working here or abroad. After the Nomination Communicative Strategy, the interaction is kept going by using the Topic-Control Communicative Strategy. This is simply a question-answer formula that moves the discussion forward. This also allows the Listener or other participants to take turns, contribute ideas, and continue the discussion. Examples:
How do you often ride the MRT, Tony?
How many times have you encountered a stoppage in service?
Your car may break down, too, Luna,
right? So you have to find another means of getting to school. We all do not want to be late for class, yes? Topic-Shifting Communicative Strategy is the strategy that is useful in introducing another topic. This strategy works best when there is follow-through so that new topic continues to be discussed. This is also used in Repair Communicative Strategy. Examples:
This is a battle with corporations that
continue to pollute the environment. But this is also a battle with man himself, who continues to act as if there is another Earth we can move to once this Earth dies.
If we cannot use the Earth’s resources, our
economies will die. We need to choose: the economy or the environment. Repeating is a good way of correcting one self and gives the Speaker time to do just that. Recasting means changing the form of a Message that could not be understood. It allows the Speaker to say the Message in another way so that the Listener can understand what was originally incomprehensible. We have already learned that communication almost always breaks down. When miscommunication occurs, one can apply the Repair Communicative Strategy that includes requesting clarification, not acknowledging, topic shifting, not responding, repeating, recasting and adding. One requests clarification by asking questions or using eyebrows , eyes, head or shoulders to show that the Message could not be understood. By not acknowledging the new situation, the situation already in progress will continue. Topic shifting can help direct the discussion to another or divert the attention of the Listener from the topic that has become problematic. Lastly, Termination Communicative Strategy ends the interaction through verbal and nonverbal Messages that both Speaker and Listener send to each other. Sometimes the Termination is quick and short. Sometimes it is prolonged by clarification, further questions, or the continuation of the topic already discussed, but the point of the language and body movement is to end the communication. • Nomination- collaboratively and productively establish a topic • Restriction- limitation you may have as a speaker • Turn-taking- process by which people decide who takes the conversational floor • Topic control- covers how procedural formality or informality affects the development of topic in conversations • Topic shifting- involves moving from one topic to another • Repair- refers to how speakers address the problems in speaking, listening and comprehending that they may encounter in a conversation • Termination- refers to the conversation participants’ close- initiating expressions that end a topic in a conversation • Advertisements