INTELLECTUAL OR SCIENTIFIC

REVOLUTION

- IT WAS THE PERIOD OF

ENLIGHTENMENT WHEN THE
DEVELOPMENT IN THE FIELDS OF
MATHEMATICS , PHYSICS , ASTRONOMY,
BIOLOGY, AND CHEMISTRY TRANSFORM
THE VIEWS OF SOCIETY
is the time when advancements of science and technology
changed people’s perception and beliefs.
IMPORTANCE OF SCIENTIFIC REVOLUTION
1. Led to the creation of new research fields in
science
2. Transformed the natural world and the world of
ideas
THINGS THAT DRIVES THE SCIENTISTS IN
ALL PERIODS OF TIME
• 1. CREATIVITY
• 2. CURIOSITY
• 3. CRITICAL THINKING
NICOLAUS COPERNICUS
- The Father of Modern Astronomy
• Copernicus placed the planets in order of
increasing distance from the Sun
• HELIOCENTRIC – the Sun is the center of the
Universe (Copernicus )
• GEOCENTRIC - the Earth is the center of the
Universe ( Ptolemy)
• GALILEO GALILEI

- The Father of Modern Science

• 15 Feb. 1564 , PISA ITALY

• AN ITALIAN ASTONOMER, MATHEMATICAIN ,
PHYSICIST , AND PROFESSOR
• HE SUPPORTED COPERNICUS THEORY THAT
THE SUN IS THE CENTER ON THE UNIVERSE
INVENTIONS OF GALILEO GALILEI
- SPACED TELESCOPE
- THERMOMETER
- PENDULUM CLOCK
- MILITARY COMPASS
• GALILEO GALILEI DISCOVER USING
HIS TELESCOPE:
1. JUPITER’S FOUR MOONS
(Europa, Callisto, Ganymede,io)
2. MOON’S CRATERS & MOUNTAINS
3. PHASES OF VENUS
4. THE STARS ON THE MILKY WAY
OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS
1. LAW OF FALLING BODIES --
REGARDLESS OF ITS WEIGHT AND
SHAPE OBJECTS FALLS AT THE
SAME RATE

2. FIRST WHO DEVELOPED THE

CONCEPT OF INERTIA
CHARLES DARWIN
- FATHER OF EVOLUTION

EVOLUTION
- IS WHEN POPULATIONS AND
SPECIES OF ORGANISMS CHANGE
OVER TIME
Charles Darwin
- PROPOSED THAT SPECIES CAN CHANGE
OVER TIME
- NEW SPECIES COME FROM PRE-EXISTING
SPECIES AND THAT ALL SPECIES SHARE A
COMMON ANCESTOR.
- EACH SPECIES HAS ITS OWN UNIQUE SET
OF HERITABLE (GENETIC) DIFFERENCES FROM
THE COMMON ANCESTOR
• REPEATED BRANCHING EVENTS IN WHICH NEW
SPECIES SPLIT OFF FROM A COMMON ANCESTOR,
PRODUCE A MULTI-LEVEL “TREE” THAT LINKS ALL
LIVING ORGANISMS.

MECHANISM FOR EVOLUTION

NATURAL SELECTION
- It explained how population evolve in such a way
that they became better suited to their
environments over time .
DARWIN’S THEORY BASED ON THE FF.
OBSERVATION:

1. Traits are often heritable

2. More offspring are produced than can
survive
3. Offspring vary their heritable traits
DARWIN BOOKS:
1 “THE ORIGIN OF SPECIES”
- It presented evidence on how species
evolved over time and presented the traits
and adaptation that differentiate species
2. THE DESCENT OF MAN
- It is about the idea of all organic life ,
including human beings, under the realms of
plants evolutionary thinking
• He joined a five-year voyage through the
HMS BEAGLE on the Island of GALAPAGOS
SIGMUND FREUD
(1856 – 1939)
- FATHER OF PSYCHOANALYSIS
- AUSTRIAN NEUROLOGIST AND
PSYCHIATRIST
- FAMOUS FIGURE IN THE FIELD OF
PSYCHOLOGY
- HIS FOCUS IS ABOUT THE HUMAN SEXUALITY
AND THE EVIL NATURE OF MAN
• IN OUR CHILDHOOD HAVE A GREAT
INFLUENCE ON OUR ADULT LIVES ,
SHAPING OUR PERSONALITY
• THE PERSONALITY IS MADE UP OF
THREE STRUCTURE OR PSYCHE
SYSTEMS
1. ID 3. SUPEREGO
2. EGO
3 STRUCTURES OF PERSONALITY OR
PSYCHE
1. ID – (UNCONSCIOUS PSYCHIC ENERGY)
- IS THE PART OF THE PERSONALITY
STRUCTURE THAT INCLUDES A HUMAN’S
BASIC NEEDS, INSTINCTUAL DRIVES
SUCH AS SEX , HUNGER,
AGGRESIVENESS. IT IS BASED ON
PLEASURE PRINCIPLE TO AVOID PAIN OR
DISPLEASURE AND TO OBTAIN
PLEASURE
2. EGO – (EXECUTIVE MEDIATOR)
- COMPONENT OF PERSONALITY
RESPONSIBLE FOR DEALING WITH
REALITY
- ATTEMPTS TO MEDITATE BETWEEN THE ID
AND SUPEREGO
- IN ITS RELATION TO THE ID , THE EGO
SEEKS PLEASURE AND AVOIDS PAIN WHEN
APPROPRIATE OUTLET IS FOUND BUT
UNLIKE THE ID, EGO IS CONCERNED WITH
DEVISING A REALISTIC STRATEGY TO GET
PLEASURE
3. THE SUPEREGO - INTERNALIZED
IDEALS
- IT IS THE VALUES, SOCIAL RULES AND
MORALS OF THE SOCIETY WHICH ARE
LEARNED FROM PEOPLE’S PARENTS AND
OTHERS .
-THE FUNCTION IS TO CONTROL THE ID’S
IMPULSES SUCH AS SOCIAL PROHIBITION,
TABOOS , SEX AND AGGRESSION
3 ESSENTIAL SYSTEMS OF MIND
1.CONSCIOUS MIND – PRESENT AWARENESS
2. PRECONSCIOUS MIND – OUTSIDE
AWARENESS BUT ACCESSIBLE
3. UNCONSCIOUS MIND - is the primary source of
human behavior . THE MOST IMPORTANT
PART OF THE MIND IS THE PART YOU CANNOT SEE .
Our feelings, motives and decisions are
actually powerfully influenced by our past
experiences, and stored in the unconscious .
 ID SUPER EGO
(UNCONSCIOUS) (VALUES/MORALS)

I WANT IT NOW NICE PEOPLE

DON’T DO THAT

EGO
(REALITY /MEDIATOR)

MAYBE I CAN FIND A

COMPROMISE
• 5 PSYCHOSEXUAL STAGES OF FREUD
• 1. ORAL
• 2. ANAL
• 3. PHALLIC
• 4. LATENCY
• 5. GENITAL
MESOAMERICA : THE INCA
• 13 TH CENTURY
• A SMALL GROUP OF PEOPLE LIVING HIGH IN THE
ANDRES MOUNTAINS OF DOWN INTO THE VALLEY
OF CURZIO IN SOUTHEASTERN PERU
- 200 YEARS LATER POPULATION GROWN INTO 16M
COVERING MOST OF THE ANDRES .
-IT DEVELOPED WITHOUT THE CURRENCY, THE
WHEEL OR A WRITTEN FORM OF COMMUNICATION
•

INCAS
QUIPU – FOR RECORD KEEPING
 INCA ROPE BRIDGE

CAPAC – NAN – INCA HIWAY SYSTEM

INCA CROPS TERRACES
INCA INVENTIONS
CAPAC- NAN
-THE PASSAGE WAYS COVERED IN FINE PAVING STONES
KNOWN AS THE CREATED BRIDGES WERE ORGANIC AND
BIODEGRADABLE.(REBUILT EVERY YEAR)
KHIPUS OR QUIPUS
– A COMMUNICATION DEVICE WHERE VERBAL
MESSAGE CONVEYED BY RUNNER, CONSISTS OF CORD FROM
WHICH A KNOTTED STRING VARY ITS LENGTH AND COLOR
- USED FOR RECORD KEEPING ACCORDING TO A DECIMAL
SYSTEM
CROP TERRACES
- INCAS LACK LEVEL FIELDS. TO SOLVE THIS
PROBLEM, THEY DEVELOPED A SYSTEM OF
TERRACES THAT THEY CONSTRUCTED
THROUGHOUT THE EMPIRE LIKE GIANT GREEN
STAIRCASES
MESOAMERICA – MAYAN
- famous as one of the world’s first
civilization
- systems of mathematics (created number
system; concept of zero, numeral 20 )
7 - advance understanding about Astronomy
- WRITING SYSTEM IS HIEROGLYPHICS
MAYAN’S THREE KINDS OF CALENDARS
1. SOLAR CALENDAR – YEAR OF 365 DAYS (HAAB)
GOVERNED THE AGRICULTURAL CYCLE
2. SACRED OR RITUAL CALENDAR -YEAR OF 260
DAYS
3. LONG COUNT CALENDAR –CYCLICAL BASIC UNIT
IS TUN, 360 DAYS
Jan 1, 2000 –would written as12.19.6.15.2 11k 10K’
ank
MAYAN CALENDAR
MAYAN GREAT PALACE
MESOAMERICAN: AZTECS (THE MEXICA)
- NAMED BY GERMAN EXPLORER AND NATURALIST
ALEXANDER von HUMBOLDT IN EARLY19TH
CENTURY
TENOCHTITLAN - THE CITY THAT CARRIED
MESOAMERICAN CIVILIZATION TO ITS HEIGHT
NAHUALT – AZTEC LANGUAGE
- NO MONEY OR CURRENCY
- MANDATORY EDUCATION
TENOCHTITLAN
AZTECS CONTRIBUTION
CHOCOLATES – USED AS CURRENCY AND FOR BARTER

- PAST OF THEIR TRIBUTE TO GOD

HERBAL MEDICINE – USED TO PREVENT MUSCLE
SPASMS

AZTEC CALENDAR OR MEXICA CALENDAR -

- XIUHPOHUALLI – 365 DAYS
- TONALPOHUALLI – 260 DAYS
( NEITHER SOLAR NOR LUNAR )
CANOE – A LIGHT NARROW BOAT
CHINAMPAS – FLOATING ISLANDS OF SOIL FOR
AZTEC AGRICULTURAL FARMING TECHNOLOGY
AZTEC OR MEXICA PEOPLE
AZTEC CALENDAR
ASIA : CHINA
Abacus – an Ancient invention
Acupuncture-a method of relieving pain or
curing illness by placing needles into persons
skin at particular points.
The Great Wall of China – one of the
wonders of the world built by Emperor Qin
(221-207BC)to tend off the invasion of from
the Mongols
4 GREATEST INVENTIONS
1. Navigational compass
This is a tool that many argue helped usher in the age of
exploration in Europe. It was common place on Chinese
ships in the 11th century. Used for Feng Shui
2. Gunpowder
- one of the most impactful inventions on the modern world.
3. Paper (Ba BooHua)
- Across the world there have been a lot of cultures
who have created types of paper and parchment, but the
modern paper we use today is a Chinese invention.
4. Block Printing
- the process of object to make an inked impression
upon a flat surface
OTHER CONTRIBUTIONS
1.Tea 7. Rudders
2. Row crop farming 8. wheelbarrow
3. Silk 9. Umbrella
4. Porcelain 10. Iron : cast and melted
5. Medicine 11. Calligraph
6. Math 12. Seismograph
Astronomy - observations of comets, solar eclipses
& supernovas
ASIA - INDIA
AYURVEDA – a system of traditional medicine

SUSRUTA SAMHITA – different surgical and other

medical procedures
Aryabhata – Indian mathematician introduced
Trigonometric Functions, Tables, and Algorithm of
Algebra
Use of zero – as placeholder and decimal digit
Astronomy
- mean latitudes of the planets : risings and
settings
- true longitudes of the planets
- the moon’s crescents
Mathematics
Mohenjodaro ruler - standardize measurement of
length and designed ruler
AFRICAN
Discoveries and Invention
1. The Great Pyramid of Giza and Buildings of Great
Zimbabwe – one of the wonders of the world
2. ISHAGO BONE – a bone tool , a baboon’s fibula –
with a sharp edge piece of quartz – for
engraving and writing
- tally stick , tool for multiplication and
other mathematical calculation
3. NUBIAN MATHEMATICS- multiplication and addition by 2
known as duplation and mediation (doubling &
halving )

4. FRACTAL GEOMETRY – exhibits a repeating pattern that

displays at every scales
5. The ancient Egyptians considered a circle to have
360 degrees and estimated Π at 3.16
6. Manufacturer of glass and glass beads
7. Major supplier of gold in the world
8. Gold coins,silver coins, bronze coins
9. 2 Iron Furnaces
- trench - dug below the ground
- circular clay- build above the ground1
10. Ink – made from a combination of vegetable
gum, soot and water
11. Bronze and brass casting
MIDDLE EAST
INTELLECTUAL CONTRIBUTION : Discoveries and
Inventions
1. COFFEE
2. CLOCKS
3. CAMERA
4. SOAP– by mixing olive oil and al – qali (salt-like)
5. PERFUME MAKING by distillation
6. FLYING MACHINE
Abbas ibn Firnas – first person who make the first
attempt to construct a flying machine
7. SURGICAL INSTRUMENT –
Al-Zahrawi, a man known in history of medicine
to illustrate the use the use of surgical instrument.
8. MAPS
– the introduction of paper in Baghdad in
8th century , the first maps and travel
guides could be produced .
9. MUSIC
10. ALGEBRA