SAMPLE AND POPULATION

HENI PURNAMA, MNS

1
Important Components of Empirical Research

• Problem statement, research questions, purposes,

benefits
• Theory, assumptions, background literature
• Variables and hypotheses
• Operational definitions and measurement
• Research design and methodology
• Instrumentation, sampling
• Data analysis
• Conclusions, interpretations, recommendations

2
 Terms/Definitions

• Population refers to an entire group or

elements with common characteristics

• Sampling is the process whereby a small

proportion or subgroup of a population is
selected for analysis

• Sample refers to the small subgroup which is

thought to be representative of the larger
population
SAMPLING…….

STUDY POPULATION

SAMPLE

TARGET POPULATION

4
 Steps in the sampling process

• 1) Identify the target population

• 2) Identify the accessible population

• 3) Determine the size of the sample needed

• 4) Select the sampling technique

• 5) Implement the plan

 Types of Samples Tehnique

1. Probability (Random) Samples

• Simple random sample
• Systematic random sample
• Stratified random sample
• Multistage sample
• Multiphase sample
• Cluster sample
2. Non-Probability Samples
• Convenience sample
• Purposive sample
• Quota
6
 PROBABILITY SAMPLING

• A probability sampling scheme is one in which

every unit in the population has a chance
(greater than zero) of being selected in the
sample, and this probability can be accurately
determined.

• Most unbiased method

7
 SAMPLING FRAME

• The sampling frame is the list from which

the potential respondents are drawn

• To identify every single element and

include any in our sample .

• The sampling frame must be

representative of the population
 SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING

• Applicable when population is small,

homogeneous & readily available

• All subsets of the frame are given an equal

probability. Each element of the frame thus
has an equal probability of selection..

9
SIMPLE RANDOM SAMPLING……..

Can use:
• Fishbowl technique (with or without replacement)
no element can be selected more than once in the
same sample) or with replacement ('WR' - an
element may appear multiple times in the one
sample).
• Random number table
• Computer programs 10
Simple random sampling
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING

• Systematic sampling relies on arranging

the target population according to some
ordering scheme and then selecting
elements at regular intervals through that
ordered list.
• Systematic sampling involves a random
start and then proceeds with the selection
of every kth element from then onwards.
In this case, k=(population size/sample
size).
12
SYSTEMATIC SAMPLING……

• It is important that the starting point is not

automatically the first in the list, but is
instead randomly chosen from within the first
to the kth element in the list.
• A simple example would be to select every 3rd
name from the telephone directory (an 'every
3rd ' sample, also referred to as 'sampling with
a skip of 3').

13
Systematic sampling
 Stratified Random Sampling
• Population is divided into various subgroups based
on characteristics and then randomized
• Every unit in a stratum has same chance of
being selected.
• Using same sampling fraction for all strata
ensures proportionate representation in the
sample.
STRATIFIED SAMPLING…….

Draw a sample from each stratum

16
 Cluster sampling

Cluster: a group of sampling units close to each

other i.e. crowding together in the same area or
neighborhood
 Cluster sampling

Section 1 Section 2

Section 3

Section 5

Section 4
 MULTISTAGE SAMPLING

• First stage, random number of districts chosen

in all states.

• Followed by random number of villages.

• Then third stage units will be houses.

• All ultimate units (houses, for instance)

selected at last step are surveyed.

19
 MULTI PHASE SAMPLING

• Part of the information collected from whole

sample & part from subsample.

• In Tb survey MT in all cases – Phase I

• X –Ray chest in MT +ve cases – Phase II
• Sputum examination in X – Ray +ve cases - Phase
III

• Survey by such procedure is less costly, less

laborious & more purposeful
20
 NONPROBABILITY SAMPLING

• Nonprobability Sampling includes: Accidental

Sampling, Quota Sampling and Purposive
Sampling.

21
 QUOTA SAMPLING

• The population is first segmented into mutually exclusive

sub-groups, just as in stratified sampling.
• Then judgment used to select subjects or units from
each segment based on a specified proportion.
• For example, an interviewer may be told to sample 200
females and 300 males between the age of 45 and 60.
• It is this second step which makes the technique one of
non-probability sampling.
• In quota sampling the selection of the sample is non-
random.

22
• For example interviewers might be tempted
to interview those who look most helpful.
The problem is that these samples may be
biased because not everyone gets a chance
of selection. This random element is its
greatest weakness and quota versus
probability has been a matter of controversy
for many years
23
 CONVENIENCE SAMPLING

• Sometimes known as grab or opportunity

sampling or accidental or haphazard sampling.

• The researcher using such a sample cannot

scientifically make generalizations about the
total population from this sample because it
would not be representative enough.
24
• For example, if the interviewer was to conduct a
survey at a shopping center early in the morning on a
given day, the people that he/she could interview
would be limited to those given there at that given
time, which would not represent the views of other
members of society in such an area, if the survey
was to be conducted at different times of day and
several times per week.
• This type of sampling is most useful for pilot
testing.
• In social science research, snowball sampling is a
similar technique, where existing study subjects are
used to recruit more subjects into the sample.

25
Purposive Sampling

• The researcher chooses the sample

based on who they think would be
appropriate for the study. This is used
primarily when there is a limited number
of people that have expertise in the
area being researched

26
27
 Determine a few things about
the target population and the
sample you need:

1. Population Size
2. Margin of Error (Confidence Interval)
3. Confidence Level

28
•Population Size
How many total people fit your demographic?
For instance, if you want to know about
mothers living in the US, your population size
would be the total number of mothers living in
the US.
Don’t worry if you are unsure about this exact
number. It is common for the population to be
unknown or approximated

29
•Margin of Error (Confidence Interval)

No sample will be perfect, so you must decide

how much error to allow.
If you’ve ever seen a political poll on the news,
you’ve seen a confidence interval. For example,
it will look something like this: “68% of voters
said yes to Proposition Z, with a margin of error
of +/- 5%.”

30
•Confidence Level — How confident do you
want to be that the actual mean falls within
your confidence interval?
•The most common confidence intervals are
90% confident, 95% confident, and 99%
confident.

31
This is a constant value needed for this
equation. Here are the z-scores for the most
common confidence levels:
•90% – Z Score = 1.645
•95% – Z Score = 1.96
•99% – Z Score = 2.576

32
33
34
Questions???

35