STATISTICS AND

PROBABILITY
INTRODUCTION TO STATISTICS

SOME OF THE IMPORTANCE OF STATISTICS:

• It helps in collecting data either numerically or

otherwise.
• It also helps us in classification, organization and
summarization of data
• It also helps us in drawing general conclusions
• It also helps in the task of evaluation and
measurements
• It helps us in the construction and standardization of test
as well as using them properly
• It helps the teacher to know the individual differences of
the students, comparing the suitability of one method or
technique with another, making predictions for the future
etc.
• It also helps in research work in many ways.
STATISTICS

- A branch of applied mathematics that deals with

the collection, organization, presentation, analysis, and
interpretation of data.

- guide the design of a research study and then,

analyze the result.
- the interpretation of the results will be the basis of
the statisticians in making inferences about the population
being considered.
TWO MAJOR AREAS OF STATISTICS

A. DESCRIPTIVE STATISTICS
- deals largely with summary calculations,
graphical and tabular displays and describing
important features of a set of data. It does not
attempt to draw conclusions about anything that
pertains to more than the data themselves.
Examples 1:
Of 350 randomly selected people in the city of
Malaybalay, Bukidnon, 280 people had the last name
Dinlayan. An example of descriptive statistics is the
following statement:

“80% of these people have the last name

Dinlayan.”
Example 2:
On the last 3 days, Henry D. Solis sold 2, 1, and 0
cars respectively. An example of descriptive statistics is
the following statement:

“Henry averaged 1 new car sold for the last 3 Sundays.”

B. INFERENTIAL STATISTICS
- Concerned in making generalizations for a bigger group
of observations called population based on the
information gathered from a small group of observations
or sample drawn from the given population. This is a set
of methods used to make a generalization, estimate ,
prediction or decision.
Example 1:
Of 350 randomly selected people in the city of
Malaybalay, Bukidnon, 280 people had the last name
Dinlayan. An example of inferential statistics is the
following statement:

“80% of all people living in Malaybalay,

Bukidnon have the last name Dinlayan.”
Example 2:
On the last 3 days, Henry D. Solis sold 2, 1, and 0
cars respectively. An example of inferential statistics is the
following statement:

“Henry never sells more than 2 cars on a Sunday.”

Activity

The last four semesters an instructor taught

Contemporary Mathematics, the following numbers of
people passed the class.

37 19 4 20
Which of the following statements can be
obtained from purely descriptive measures
and which can be obtained by inferential
methods?
_______________a. The last four semesters the
instructor taught Math 102B, an average of 15 people
passed the class.

______________b. The next time the instructor

teaches Math 102B, we can expect approximately 15
people to pass the class.
_____________c. This instructor will never pass more than
20 people in Math 102B class.

______________d. the last four semesters the instructor

taught Math 102B, no more than 20 people passed the
class.

______________e. Only 5 people passed one semester

because the instructor was in a bad mood the entire
semester
_____________f. the instructor passed 20 people the last
time he taught the class to keep the administration off of
his back for poor results.
_____________g. The instructor passes son few people in
his Math 102B classes because he doesn’t like teaching that
class.