ERT252

GEOMATIC ENGINEERING
MRS SITI KAMARIAH MD SA’AT
LECTURER
BIOSYSTEMS ENGINEERING/ AGRICULTURAL ENGINEERING

Email: sitikamariah@unimap.edu.my
Phone: 019-5706232
 COURSE SYNOPSIS
• This course covers land surveying/geodetic, remote
sensing, and geographical information systems (GIS) with
emphases on basic surveying, fundamentals of remote
sensing and its applications, and principles and applications
of GIS in agricultural field.
• The students are exposed to field works to develop skill in
using surveying equipments.
• The main topics discussed are traversing, tacheometry,
mapping, calculation of areas and volumes, GIS, GPS, remote
sensing and topographic survey.
COURSE OBJECTIVES
CO1:
Ability to APPLY the knowledge of geomatics engineering
principles on various types of geomatics surveying

CO2:
Ability PLAN and CONDUCT the surveying task and analyze the
data from various types of geomatics surveying

CO3:
Ability to RELATE the component in precision farming and
geospatial data interpretation using geographical information
systems (GIS)
 TEXT BOOK/ REFERENCE BOOKS

• Duggal, S.K. (2009) Surveying Volume 1,

3rd Edition, TaTa McGraw Hill Education, India
• Uren,J and Price, W.F., (2010) Surveying for
Engineers, 5th Ed., Palgrave Macmillan,N.Y
• Kavanagh,B.(2009) Surveying Principles and
Applications 8th Edition, Pearson Education,
Inc.,Upper Saddle River, New Jersey
 ASSESSMENT
• Examination: 70%
• Mid Term Examination 1 = 10% - Week 7
• Mid Term Examination 2 = 10% - Week 14
• Final Examination = 50%

• Continuous Assessment: 30%

• Laboratories = 10 %
• Quiz/Assignments = 10 %
• Activity report = 10%

Starting this semester, if you fail the final exam (FE< 40), you will be
considered fail the course
 TEACHING & LEARNING APPROACH
• Lectures – 28 hours (2 hrs/week for 14 weeks)
• Lab (Practical) – 28 hours
1.To measure distance using taping exercises
2.To undertake a levelling survey
3.To carry out a angles and measurement exercise
4.To carry out traverse surveys using total station
5.To calculate areas and volumes using cut and fill method
6.To determine the station levels, locations and areas using
Global Positioning System (GPS) application
7.To develop map using GPS, Remote Sensing and GIS data
 Fieldwork Timetable
Lab Week
1. Distance Measurement Week 3
2. Leveling Week 5
3. Angle and Measurement Week 6
4. Traverse using total station Week 7

5. Application Lab Week 10/11

- GPS lab Geomatic Camp (2 days 1 night)
- Map production
- Cut and fill
 GEOMATIC CAMP
• Tentative date:
• Week 10 or Week 11
• 2 Days and 1 Night
• Committee
• Leader : Find a place/venue
• Secretary: Prepare a paper works and documentation for School
and HEPA Approval; deal with (TD HEPA).
• Treasurer: Collecting money from participant. Budget : ≈ RM
100/pax for food & accommodation. If budget constrain, can be
arranges in UniMAP/ Perlis
• Special Task: Generate income/ Gain sponsorship.
• Lodging: Transportation & Accommodations.
• Others : Food services, Souvenir, Program committee, T-shirt
 LAB GROUP
• 3-4 person/ group
• Wear suitable shoes and hat.
• Appoint a group leader
• Ensure a safety of equipment's.
• Ensure a safety of group members.
• Lab report should be submitted a week after a fieldwork.
 RK90 Biosystems Eng.
Group 1 Group 2 Group 3 Group 4 Group 5 Group 6
SHAKTISSWARY
MUHAMAD AIMAN MUHAMMAD IZHAM SAMUEL LAI KAI
TONG JING YI KHOO JIE XIN A/P SUBARMANIAM
BIN KHAIRUL RIZAL BIN MOHD AZRI PENG
IFFATUL MAHYA SITI ZULAIKHA
AZWATUL HUDA DANG SURIA BINTI FATIN HAZIRAH HAIDA SHAHIRA BT
BINTI MUHAMAD BINTI ISMAIL
BINTI MAHDI OSMAN BINTI SABARUDIN HARIRI
ASRI
NOOR SYUHADA NUR AFIQAH NURUL ATIKAH
MAS NUR AZIERA NAYLI ERDINA NUR ADIBA BINTI
BINTI MOHD LIYANA BINTI BINTI MOHD NASIR
BT MOHD RAWI BINTI NASARUDDIN AHMAD ISA
NORDIN HAPIZU
SRIVIYASNEE A/P
KANDASAMY

RK90 Agricultural Eng

Group 7 Group 8 Group 9 Group 10 Group 11
MOHD FARIHSAN BIN MOHD. IDZWAN BIN MUHAMAD ALIF IRFAN MUHAMAD HAFFIZUL
AARON A/L ASOGAN
ZAMZURI MAHA BIN MOHD RIDZWAN HAQIM BIN MAZLAN
SHAIFUL HAZWAN
MUHAMMAD IZZUDDIN AINUL KHALID BIN ATIKAH BINTI
AIMAN BIN SHAIFUL YAP WIT SAN
BIN JOHARI MULYANI MUHAMAD
BAHARI
KHADIJAH MAISARAH
FATIN FARZANA BINTI NOOR ADLINA BINTI NUR FATINI BINTI NUR HASLINA BINTI
BINTI MOHAMAD
IBRAHIM ALAUDIN ABDUL RAHIM ABD JALIL
NASER
NUR MARDHIYAH BINTI SITI HAJAR BINTI
MOHAMAD RAMZI HARON
 SAFETY
• Especially in field work
• Safety:
• Wear safety vest
• Wear appropriate shoes
• Wear large brim hat
• Bring drinking water
 PART 1-SURVEYING

• Distance Measurement
• Electronic Distance Measurement (EDM)
• Leveling
• Angle And Measurement
• Traverse
• Tacheometry
• Areas and Volume
• Map Production
 PART 2-REMOTE SENSING & GIS

• GEOGRAPHICAL POSITIONING SYSTEM (GPS)

• REMOTE SENSING
• PRECISION FARMING
• GEOGRAPHICAL INFORMATION SYSTEM (GIS)
INTRODUCTION TO
GEOMATICS ENGINEERING
 WHAT IS GEOMATICS?

• The term Geomatics is an acronym formed by “Geo” that

means the Earth, while the term “matics” refers to the
information.
• The mathematics of the earth; the science of the collection,
analysis, and interpretation of data, especially instrumental
data, relating to the earth's surface. (Oxford English
Dictionary)
• Defined as a science, art and technology of determining the
relative position above, on or beneath the earth’s surface, or
establishing such points (Ghilani and Wolf,2008).
 WHAT IS GEOMATICS?

• New word that used to describe surveying as it is today and

not only covers the traditional work of the surveyors in
mapping on site but also reflects the changing role in data
management (collect, process and display).
• Nowadays data is collected through remote sensing
technology (satellite) and processed by a computer in
Geographical Information System (GIS). These database can
integrate the spatial data provided by surveyor which can be
combined, processed and display in any format according to
the need of end user.
 Geomatics Data Model
Showing the collection, processing, analysis, design and plotting
the geodata

Collection

Collection

Process
Analysis

Plotting Plotting Plotting

 WHAT IS SURVEYING?
• The art and science of measuring angles, distances and
positions (northing, easting and elevation), on or near
the surface of the earth.
• Engineering surveying: describe any survey work carried
out in connection of construction that involves all of
different methods of data acquisition and collection,
processing and presentation.
 PRINCIPLES OF SURVEYING
1. To work from whole to part
• to reduce the errors and prevent their accumulation
2. To locate a point by at least two measurements
• Two control points are selected in the area and the distance
between them is measured. The control point with the known
coordinate can be a baseline to know a point C.
 APPLICATION OF SURVEYING

• The location of ground features are measured to prepare

a map or plan of the area.
• Design features, shown on a map or plan, are located in
the field by distance, angle and/or positioning
measurements.
• Surveyors (geomatic engineers) generally are involved in
both field and office work.
Topographical Map
 Types of Survey

• Plane surveying is that type of

surveying in which the surface of the
earth is considered to be a plane for all
X and Y dimensions.

• Geodetic surveying is that type of

surveying in which the earth is
considered to be ellipsoidal for X and Y
dimensions.
 Classes of Surveys
• Preliminary survey
• Data gathering
• Geospatial data – distances, position and angles
• Locate physical position- water boundaries, trees, roads,
structure, property marker
• Determination of difference in elevation (vertical distance)
• Layout survey
• Marking on the ground – wood stakes, iron bars, concrete
monuments, nails, spikes, etc…
• Property lines, engineering works (roads, pipelines,
bridges) and construction surveying
• Control survey
• Use as reference both preliminary and layout survey.
• Horizontal and Vertical control (benchmarks)
 Surveying Fields
• Topographic surveys
• Preliminary survey-natural &
manmade surface features of an area.
• Hydrographic surveys
• Preliminary survey-underwater
features to surface control points
(shorelines, marine features, water
depth)
• Route surveys
• Preliminary, layout and control survey
for narrow-long strip of land (highway,
railroads, electric transmission lines,
channel)
Surveying Fields
• Property surveys
• Preliminary, layout and control survey
involve in determine boundary
location/laying out new property
boundary
• Construction surveys
• Layout survey for engineering works
• Final (as-built) surveys
• Similar to preliminary survey
• Provide final record of constructed
features has proceed according to
design plan
• Aerial surveys
• Preliminary and final survey using
aerial photography and imagery. Use
of digital camera, lidar, radar
 Surveying Instrumentation

Commonly used in field surveying are:

1. Satellite Positioning Receiver (GPS)

2. Total Station
3. Level & Staff
4. Theodolite
5. Steel Tape
Surveying Instrumentation (Examples)
 Observation

• Direct
• Examples:
• Applying tape to a line
• Fitting a protector to an angle
• Turning an angle with total station

• Indirect
• Observations are determined by its relationship to
some other value or values
• Eg. Using trigonometric
 Observation
• Locating a point
• Start with known location or previous point
• Direction + distance common for plane surveys
• Measuring an angle
• Horizontal angles: theodolite/ surveying compass
• Vertical angle: theodolite/surveying compass
• Measuring a distance
• Start with known location or previous point
• Three techniques: 1. Taping 2. Stadia markings 3. Electronic distance
measurements (EDM)
• Measuring differences in elevation
• Known as “leveling”
• Uses a level (optical or laser) & a rod
• All measurements are relative (to a starting elevation)
 Surveying References

• Geographic reference
• Earth reference system – denoted by geographic lines
of latitude and longitude
• Latitude - run east/west (parallel to equator)
• Longitude – run north/south converging at the pole
• Use in navigation and geodesy
• Grid reference
• Grid system for a states/province
• Ease of calculation (plane geometry) and availability
datum for large area (thousand miles)
Geographical Coordinates
 Surveying References

• Legal reference
• Township subdivide by section and ranges (lot)
that unique numbered

• Vertical reference
• Can be reference to any datum. Datum most
used are Mean Sea Level (MSL).
• MSL is assigned an elevation of 0 ft or 0 meter.
 Drawing

• Scale
• Legends
• Symbols
• Meridian arrows
 Units of Measurement

Linear Measurement Metric Unit

1 kilometer 1000 meter
1 meter 100 centimeter
1 centimeter 10 milimeter
1 decimeter 10 centimeter
1 hectare (ha) 10,000 m2
1 square kilometer 1,000,000 m2
100 hectares
1 acres (ac) 4047 m2
 Units of Measurement

• Foot to metric conversion

1 ft 0.3048 m
1 inch 25.4 mm
1 ha 2.471 ac
0.62137 miles 1 km

1 mile = 5.280 ft
1 foot = 12 inches
 Rounding Off Numbers

Rounding Off (until 4 significant figures)

• 78.374 → 78.37
• 78.3749 → 78.37
• 78.375 → 78.38
• 78.376 → 78.38
• 78.3749 → 78.375 → 78.38 (wrong !!)
• 78.3749 → 78.37
 Accuracy & Precision
• Accuracy
• The relationship between the value of measurement
and and the true value
• Degree of perfection obtained in measurement
 Precision
 Refinement of the measuring process and ability to repeat
the same measurement with consistency small variation in
the measurements (no large discrepancies)
 The closeness of one measurement to another
 If a quantity is measured several times and the values
obtained are very closed to each other, the precision is said
to be high.
Accuracy & Precision
Accuracy & Precision
 Errors

• No measurement can be free from error.

• For calculating error, the true value determined
statistically after repeated measurement.
• To reduce mistakes:
• All survey measurement are suspect until verified
(repeating the measurement/ trigonometric analysis)
• Every measurement is immediately
checked/repeated.
 Sources of Errors in Observation
• Mistakes
• These are observer blunders and caused by misunderstanding the
problem, carelessness, fatique, missed communication, poor
judgement
• Examples : Writing Mistakes :
Recording 73.96 instead of correct value of 79.36
• Natural Errors
• caused by variations in wind, temperature, humidity, atmospheric
pressure, atmospheric refraction, gravity and magnetic declinations
• Instrumental Errors
• imperfection in the construction or judgement of instruments and
from the movement of individual parts
• Personal Errors
• arise from limitations of sight and touch.
 Types of errors
• Blunders
• mistakes and gross errors
• Systematic errors
• Also known as biases/cumulative errors
• Result from “measuring system” and include the environment,
instrument, and observer.
• affect accuracy
• Eg: Effect of temperature, wind and magnetic variation on steel
tape
• Random errors
• Those that remain in measured values after mistakes and
systematic error have been eliminated
• small and usually undetectable are caused by factors beyond the
control of the observer
• affect precision
 Eliminate Mistakes
• Mistakes that do occur can be corrected only if discovered.
Comparing several observations of the same quantity is
one of the best ways to identify mistakes.
• When mistakes id detected, it is usually best to repeat the
observation.
• Example :
• 567.91
• 576.95
• 567.88
• 567.90
• 567.93
Which value is wrong ?
 Eliminate Systematic Errors
• Systematic errors can be calculated and proper corrections
applied to the observations
• Example:
• A leveling instrument out of adjustment causes incorrect
readings, but if all backsights and foresights are made the same
length, the error cancel in differential leveling.
Attendance for today
ANY QUESTION?
10 MINUTES REST