Introduction To Information Technology Infrastructure: Lecture - I Part - I

Lecture – I
Part – I
Introduction to Information
Technology Infrastructure
Enterprise Resource Planning
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Information Technology
Definition:
It is technology we use to make in information system.
Components:
 Software,
 Hardware,
 Databases,
 Communication Networks and
 Other related components
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IT Infrastructure
Definition:
An IT infrastructure consists of a set of physical devices and software applications that are
required to operate the entire enterprise. But an IT infrastructure is also a set of firmwide
services budgeted by management and comprising both human and technical capabilities.
Firm-wide Services includes:
• Computing platforms used to provide computing services that connect employees,
customers, and suppliers into a coherent digital environment i.e Laptop, Mobile Handheld,
Remote Cloud Computing
• Telecommunications services that provide data, voice, and video connectivity to

employees, customers, and suppliers,
• Data management services that store and manage corporate data and provide
capabilities for analyzing the data,
• Application software services, including online software services, that provide enterprise-
wide capabilities such as enterprise resource planning, customer relationship management,
supply chain management, and knowledge management systems that are shared by all
business units
• Physical facilities management services that develop and manage the physical installations
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Evolution of IT Infrastructure
The IT infrastructure in organizations today is an outgrowth of over 50 years of evolution in
computing platforms. There have been five stages in this evolution, each representing a
different configuration of computing power and infrastructure elements
Stages in IT infrastructure evolution:
• General-Purpose Mainframe and Minicomputer Era: (1959 to present)
• Personal Computer Era: (1981 to Present)
• Client/Server Era (1983 to Present)
• Enterprise Computing Era (1992 to Present)
• Cloud and Mobile Computing Era (2000 to Present)
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Mainframe and Minicomputer
The mainframe era was a period of highly centralized computing under the control of
professional programmers and systems operators.
Minicomputers offered powerful machines at far lower prices than mainframes, making
possible decentralized computing, customized to the specific needs of individual
departments or business units rather than time sharing on a single huge mainframe.
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Personal Computer
The appearance of the IBM PC in 1981 is usually considered the beginning of the PC era
because this machine was the first to be widely adopted by American businesses.
At first using the DOS operating system, a text-based command language, and later the
Microsoft Windows operating system, the Wintel PC computer became the standard
desktop personal computer.
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Client/Server
In client/server computing, desktop or laptop computers called clients are networked to
powerful server computers that provide the client computers with a variety of services and
capabilities.
Computer processing work is split between these two types of machines. The client is the
user point of entry, whereas the server typically processes and stores shared data, serves
up Web pages, or manages network activities.
The server could be a mainframe, but today, server computers typically are more powerful
versions of personal computers, based on inexpensive chips and often using multiple
processors in a single computer box., or in server racks.
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Enterprise Computing
In the early 1990s, firms turned to networking standards and software tools that could
integrate disparate networks and applications throughout the firm into an enterprise-wide
infrastructure.
The resulting IT infrastructure links different pieces of computer hardware and smaller
networks into an enterprise-wide network so that information can flow freely across the
organization and between the firm and other organizations.
It can link different types of computer hardware, including mainframes, servers, PCs, and
mobile devices, and it includes public infrastructures such as the telephone system, the
Internet, and public network services.
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Cloud and Mobile Computing
Cloud computing refers to a model of computing that provides access to a shared pool of
computing resources (computers, storage, applications, and services) over a network, often
the Internet.
These “clouds” of computing resources can be accessed on an as-needed basis from any
connected device and location.
Thousands or even hundreds of thousands computers are located in cloud data centers,
where they can be accessed by desktop computers, laptop computers, tablets,
entertainment centers, smartphones, and other client machines linked to the Internet, with
both personal and corporate computing increasingly moving to mobile platforms.

IBM, HP, Dell, and Amazon operate huge, scalable cloud computing centers that provide
computing power, data storage, and high-speed Internet connections to firms that want to
maintain their IT infrastructures remotely.
Software firms such as Google, Microsoft, SAP, Oracle, and Salesforce.com sell software
applications as services delivered over the Internet.
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Lecture – I
Part – II
Management Information Systems

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What is a BUSINESS?
An organization that provides product and /or a service that satisfies a need for which
people willing to pay money.
What is System?
A group of interrelated components working towards attainment of common goal by
accepting inputs and producing outputs in an organized transformation process.
Business as a System
A business is an organizational system where economic resources (inputs) are

transformed by various organizational processes (processing) into goods and services
(output).
Information systems provide information (feedback) on the operations of the system to

management for the direction and maintenance of the system as it exchanges inputs
and outputs within its environment.
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Important things to note!
• Business Function
• Business Process
Examples of Business Function: Design, Engineering, Sales, Marketing, Finance etc.
Business process: A designed succession of events to the accomplishment of some

result in a business i.e Order Fulfillment.
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What is MIS
Information system is an organized combination of:
 people,
 hardware,
 software,
 communication Networks and
 data resources
that collects, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization.

The MIS is defined as a system based on the database of the evolved for the purpose of
providing information to the people in the organization.
Management information system is a system, which is designed to provide information

to various organizational levels, to assist them in decision-making.
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Elements of MIS
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Features of MIS
 Timeliness: Provide data in real-time.
 Accuracy: Provide data without any error.
 Consistency: Provide updated data to all users.
 Completeness: Do not accept incomplete data not provide incomplete data to
users.
 Relevance: Data relevant to the business is stored.
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Architecture of MIS
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Objectives of MIS
 Requisite information support for Management
 Facilitate the Decision-Making process.
 Right information at right place at the right time at lower cost.
 Ensure wrong and unwanted information not generated.
 Provide complete system with less processing time.
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Classification of MIS
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Limitations of MIS
• MIS is less useful for making non-programmed decision making.
• The quality of the outputs of MIS is basically governed by the quality of inputs and
processes.
• MIS may not have requisite flexibility to quickly update itself with the changing
needs of time.
• The effectiveness of MIS is reduced in organization, where the culture of hoarding
information and not sharing with others hold.
• Highly sensitive, require constant monitoring.
• Multiple suppliers
• Low entry point, but expensive to deliver full requirements over the lifecycle
• Too much integration reduces the robustness of the systems
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ERP System
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Basic ERP Structure
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Cost Analysis of MIS and ERP
The exact cost of MIS system is depend on the scope and complexity of the system. The
ERP system cost is depend on the number of modules, a company has purchased.
Other factors influencing the cost are given below:
MIS ERP
Consultant Fee (Minimum) Consultant Fee (Considerable)
Training Cost (Negligible) Training Cost (Considerable)
Updating Cost (high) Updating Cost (Normal)
License Fee (Not required) License Fee (Annual)

New hardware cost (Minimum) New Hardware Cost (Considerable)
Change Management Cost (Not required) Change Management Cost (Considerable)
Data Conversion Cost (Minimum) Data Conversion Cost (Considerable)
Process Reengineering (Not Required) Process Reengineering (Considerable)
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Lecture – I

 Other related components

• Telecommunications services that provide data, voice, and video connectivity to

• Cloud and Mobile Computing Era (2000 to Present)

processors in a single computer box., or in server racks.

Internet, and public network services.

both personal and corporate computing increasingly moving to mobile platforms.

Management Information Systems

A business is an organizational system where economic resources (inputs) are

Information systems provide information (feedback) on the operations of the system to

Examples of Business Function: Design, Engineering, Sales, Marketing, Finance etc.

Business process: A designed succession of events to the accomplishment of some

that collects, transforms, and disseminates information in an organization.

Management information system is a system, which is designed to provide information

License Fee (Not required) License Fee (Annual)

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