CE 443:

HYDROLOGY
 WHAT IS THE DIFFERENCE BETWEEN HYDROLOGY
AND HYDRAULICS?

HYDROLOGY – IS GENERALLY RELATED TO THE STUDY OF RAINFALL

AND TO WATER IN CONNECTION TO GEOGRAPHY AND GEOLOGY.
HYDRAULICS- MORE GEARED TOWARDS PHYSICS , THE STUDY OF THE
MOTION OF LIQUIDS IN RELATION TO DISCIPLINES SUCH AS FLUID
MECHANICS AND FLUIDS DYNAMICS , ETC.
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE

ALSO KNOWN AS “WATER CYCLE”

-IS A CONTINUOUS PROCESS IN WHICH WATER IS EVAPORATED
FROM WATER SURFACES AND THE OCEANS, MOVES INLAND AS
MOIST AIR MASSES, AND PRODUCES PRECIPITATION IF THE CORRECT
VERTICAL LIFTING CONDITIONS EXIST. (BEDIENT,2002)
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
PROCESS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
EVAPORATION- THE CONVERSION OF WATER TO WATER VAPOR
FROM A WATER SURFACE
CONDENSATION- COOLING OF MOIST AIR TO A TEMPERATURE
BELOW THE SATURATION POINT FOR WATER VAPOR.
PRECIPITATION- ALSO CALLED RAINFALL.
RUN-OFF-REMAINING PORTION OF PRECIPITATION BECOMES
OVERLAND FLOW DIRECTED TO STREAMS OR RIVERS.
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
PROCESS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
INFILTRATION- WATER ENTERS THE SOIL SYSTEM
TRANSPIRATION- THE LOSS OF WATER VAPOR THROUGH THE PLANT
TISSUE AND LEAVES.
EVAPOTRANSPIRATION- MAXIMUM VALUE IF THE WATER SUPPLY IN
THE SOIL IS ADEQUATE AT ALL TIMES.
GROUNDWATER- STORED WATER OR ALSO CALLED AS AQUIFIER.
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
PROCESS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
RUN-OFF- WATER THAT FLOWS OVER AND THROUGH THE SOILS, EVENTUALLY
MAKING ITS WAY TO SURFACE WATER SYSTEMS.
ONCE THE PRECIPITATION RATE EXCEEDS THE INFILTRATION RATE OF THE SOIL,
DEPRESSION ON THE SOIL SURFACE BEGIN TO FILL THE WATER HELD IN THESE
DEPRESSION IS CALLED SURFACE STORAGE.
IF THE SURFACE STORAGE IS FILLED AND PRECIPITATION CONTINUES TO EXCEED
INFILTRATION, WATER BEGINS TO MOVE DOWNSLOPE AS OVERLAND FLOW.
A LARGE PERCENTAGE OF SURFACE RUN OFF REACHES STREAMS, THEN IT IS
DESCRIBE AS STREAMFLOW OR DISCHARGE.
 HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
PROCESS OF HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
INTERFLOW- LATERAL MOVEMENT OF WATER
PERCOLATION- WATER MOVING DOWNWARD THROUGH THE SOIL
PROFILE BY GRAVITY IT HAS ENTERED THE SOIL. PERCOLATION IS
BEYOND THE REACH OF PLANT ROOTS AND THE WATER
CONTRIBUTES TO REPLENISHING THE GROUNDWATER SUPPLY
 PRECIPITATION
• PRIMARY INPUT VECTOR OF THE HYDROLOGIC CYCLE
• FORMS OF RAIN, SNOW, HAIL, DRIZZLE AND SLEET.
HAIL- PRECIPITATION IN THE FORM OF BALLS OR IRREGULAR LUMPS OF ICE
(5MM OR MORE IN DIAMETER)
SNOW-PRECIPITATION COMPOSED OF WHITE OR TRANSLUCENT ICE
CRYSTALS
SLEET- A MIXTURE OF RAIN AND SNOW
DRIZZLE- IS A LIGHT LIQUID PRECIPITATION CONSISTING OF LIQUID
WATER DROPS SMALLER THAN THOSE RAIN (SMALLER THAN 0.5MM IN
DIAMETER).
 PRECIPITATION
• FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
1. COALESCENCE PROCESS- SMALL DROPLETS INCREASE THEIR SIZE DUE TO CONTACT W/
OTHER DROPLETS THROUGH COLLISION
- WATER DROPLETS MAY BE CONSIDERED AS FALLING BODIES THAT ARE SUBJECTED TO BOTH
GRAVITATIONAL AND AIR RESISTANCE EFFECTS
- TERMINAL VELOCITIES ARE PROPORTIONAL TO THE SQUARE OF THE RADIUS OF THE DROPLET,
THUS THE LARGE DROPLETS WILL DESCEND MORE QUICKLY THAN THE SMALLER ONES
- SMALLER DROPLETS ARE OFTERN OVERTAKEN BY LARGER DROPLETS, AND THE RESULTING
COLLISIONS TEND TO UNITE THE DROPS, PRODUCING INCREASINGLY LARGER PARTICLES
- VERY LARGE DROPS (7MM IN DIAMETER) BREAK UP INTO SMALL DROPLETS THAT REPEAT
COALESCENCE PROCESS AND PRODUCE A CHAIN EFFECT. LARGE RAINDROPS MAY BE
PRODUCE TO GENERATE SIGNIFICANT PRECIPITATION
 PRECIPITATION
• FORMATION OF PRECIPITATION
2. ICE CRYSTAL PROCESS- EXIST AT SUBFREEZING TEMPERATURES
DOWN TO ABOUT -40°C. UNDER THESE CONDITIONS, CERTAIN
PARTICLES OF CLAY MINERALS AND ORGANIC AND ORDINARY
OCEAN SALTS SERVE AS FREEZING NUCLEI SO THAT ICE CRYSTALS
ARE FORMED.
 PRECIPITATION
• TYPES OF PRECIPITATION
1. CONVECTIVE PRECIPITATION- OCCURS WHEN AIR RISES VERTICALLY THROUGH
SELF-SUSTAINING MECHANISM OF CONVECTION.
2. OROGRAPHIC PRECIPITATION- PRODUCED WHEN MOIST AIR IS LIFTED AS IT MOVES
OVER A MOUNTAIN RANGE. AS THE AIR RISES AND COOLS, OROGRAPHIC CLOUDS
FORM AND SERVE AS THE SOURCE OF PRECIPITATION, MOST OF WHICH FALLS UPWIND
OF THE MOUNTAIN RIDGE.
3. CYCLONIC PRECIPITATION- ALSO KNOWN AS FRONTAL PRECIPITATION, RESULTS
WHEN THE LEADING EDGE OF A WARM, MOIST AIR MASS (WARM FRONT) MEETS A
COOL AND DRY AIR MASS(COLD FRONT). AS IT RISES THE WARM AIR COOLS, THE
WATER VAPOUR IN THE AIR CONDENSES, AND CLOUDS AND PRECIPITATION RESULT.
 PRECIPITATION
• METHODS IN ESTIMATING THE DEPTH OF PRECIPITATION
1. ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD
2. THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD
3. ISO-HYETAL METHOD
 PRECIPITATION
1. ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD
- USE THIS METHOD IF THE AREA IS LESS THAN 500 KM2
 PRECIPITATION
1. ARITHMETIC MEAN METHOD
 PRECIPITATION
2. ISOHYETAL METHOD
- USE THIS METHOD IF THE AREA IS MORE THAN 5000 KM2
- AN ISOHYET IS A LINE, ON A RAINFALL MAP OF THE BASIN,
JOINING PLACES OF EQUAL RAINFALL READINGS
- MOST ELABORATE AND ACCURATE THAN OTHER METHODS
 PRECIPITATION
2. ISOHYETAL METHOD
PROCEDURE:
-FROM THE RAINFALL VALUES RECORDED AT VARIOUS RAIN GAUGE
STATION, PREPARE A ISOHYETAL MAP
-MEASURE THE AREAS ENCLOSED BETWEEN SUCCESSIVE ISOHYETS WITH
THE HELP OF PLANIMETER
-MULTIPLY EACH OF THESE AREAS BY THE AVERAGE RAINFALL BETWEEN
THE ISOHYETS
-COMPUTE THE AVERAGE RAINFALL
 PRECIPITATION
2. ISOHYETAL METHOD
 PRECIPITATION
3. THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD
- USE THIS METHOD IF THE AREA IS FROM 500 KM2 UP TO 5000 KM2
PROCEDURE:
-JOIN THE ADJACENT RAING-GAUGE STATIONS
-CONSTRUCT THE PERPENDICULAR BISECTORS OF EACH OF THESE LINES
-THE POLYGON FORMED BY THE PERPENDICULAR BISECTORS AROUND THE
STATION ENCLOSES AN AREA WHICH IS EVERY WHERE CLOSER TO THAT
STATION THAN TO ANY OTHER STATION
-FIND THE AREA OF THESE POLYGONS
- COMPUTE THE AVERAGE PRECIPITATION
 PRECIPITATION
3. THEISSEN POLYGON METHOD
EXAMPLE:
 DRAINAGE AREA
• ALSO CALLED CATCHMENT AREA, WATERSHED, OR DRAINAGE
BASIN.
• ALL RAINWATER THAT LANDS WITHIN THE DRAINAGE BASIN MAKES
ITS WAY TO THE STREAM, WHILE ALL RAIN LANDING OUTSIDE THE
DRAINAGE BASIN MAKES ITS WAY AWAY FROM THE STREAM AND
INTO SOME OTHER STREAM.
 WATERSHED
• IS AN AREA OF LAND THAT FEEDS ALL THE WATER RUNNING UNDER IT AND
DRAINING OFF OF IT INTO A BODY OF WATER. IT COMBINES WITH
OTHER WATERSHEDS TO FORM A NETWORK OF RIVERS AND STREAMS THAT
PROGRESSIVELY DRAIN INTO LARGER WATER AREAS
 PHILIPPINE WATERSHED
• THERE ARE 142 CRITICAL WATERSHED IN THE PHILIPPINES ACCORDING TO
DENR.
• TOP 5 LARGEST WATERSHED RESERVES ARE:
1. LAKE LANAO, 148,460 HECTARES, LANAO DEL SUR
2. ALLAH, 92,450 HECTARES, SOUTH COTABATO
3. PANTABANGAN-CARRANGALAN, 84,500 HECTARES
4. LIBUNGAN, 52,280 HECTARES, COTABATO
5. LOWER AGNO, 39,304 HECTARES, BENGUET
 PHILIPPINE WATERSHED
• LASANG RIVER WATERSHED IS A CRITICAL WATERSHED WITH
AN AREA OF 37,920 HECTARES.
• WATERSHED RESERVE IS TYPE OF WATERSHED THAT IS
PROTECTED IN ITS NATURAL STATE FOR DRINKING,
DOMESTIC AND IRRIGATION PURPOSES.
• CRITICAL WATERSHED MEANS ANY AREA CRITICAL FOR
PROTECTING THE SUPPLY OF WATER FOR DRINKING,
IRRIGATION, FLOOD CONTROL, HYDROELECTRIC PROJECT,
OR RELATED PURPOSE WHICH HAS BEEN DECLARED
TO BE A CRITICAL WATERSHED BY THE PARLIAMENT.