PRE-CALCULUS

Lesson Objectives:
At the end of the lesson, the learners are
able to;
1. Illustrate the different types of conic sections:
parabola, ellipse, circle, hyperbola, and degenerate
cases.***
2. Define a circle.
3. Determine the standard form of equation of a circle
4. Graph a circle in a rectangular coordinate system
5. solve situational problems involving conic sections
(circles).
CONIC SECTIONS
The conic sections (or conics), a
particular class of curves which
oftentimes appear in nature and
which have applications in other
fields. If the plane is made to cut
a right circular cone, the sections
obtained is called conic section.
Remember: The shape of the conic will depend
on the position of the cutting plane.

When the plane is horizontal, and plane

is parallel to the base of the cone, the
section is called a circle.

Figure 1
 When the cutting plane is
parallel to a plane tangent to
the cone, the section is called a
parabola.

Figure 2
 When the cutting plane is not
parallel to a plane tangent to
the cone, the section is called
a ellipse.

Figure 3
 If the cutting plane intersects
both nappes or when the plane
intersects both cones to form
two unbounded curves, the
conic section is called a
hyperbola.

Figure 4
 Other exceptional types of conic sections called
degenerate conics: a point, one line, and two
coincident lines and two intersecting lines when
cutting plane passes through the vertex.

Figure 5 Figure 6 Figure 7

 Definition of Circle
A circle is the locus of the point
which moves at a constant distance
from a fixed point called its center.
The constant distance of any point
from the center is called the radius.
Derivation of the
standard equation
of a circle
 Distance Formula
using Pythagorean theorem:
In mathematics, the Pythagorean theorem, also known as Pythagoras' theorem, is a
fundamental relation in Euclidean geometry among the three sides of a right triangle. It states
that the square of the hypotenuse is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two sides.

2 2 2
𝑎 +𝑏 =𝑐

𝑑 = √(𝑥2 − 𝑥1 ) + (𝑦2 − 𝑦1 ) 2 2
 Y-axis

5
Q2 Q1

4
3
Origin

2
1
0 X-axis
-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 1 2 3 4 5

-1 - 2 - 3 - 4 - 5
Q3 Q4

Cartesian Coordinate System

A Cartesian coordinate system is a coordinate system that specifies
each point uniquely in a plane by a set of numerical coordinates,
which are the signed distances to the point from two fixed
perpendicular directed lines, measured in the same unit of length.

On the flat coordinate plane, there are two axes, the

vertical y-axis and the horizontal x-axis. The origin is the
point where they intersect. This point has the coordinates
0,0 and is usually labelled with the letter O.

The axes of a two-dimensional Cartesian system divide the plane into

four infinite regions, called quadrants, each bounded by two half-
axes . These are often numbered from 1st to 4th and denoted by
Roman numerals: I (where the signs of the (x , y) coordinates are I
(+,+), II (−,+), III (−,−), and IV (+,−).
Derivation of the
standard equation
of a circle
 Give the standard equation of a circle
satisfying the given conditions:

1.Center at the origin, radius 4

2.Center (-4 , 3) , radius 7
3.With center at the origin, radius
11
4.Center (2,1), radius 2
5. Circle A and B in figure
Figure 8
Example 1. A street with two lanes, each
10 ft wide, goes through a
semicircular tunnel with radius 12 ft. How
high is the tunnel at the edge of each
lane? Round off to 2 decimal places.
Find the center and radius, and expand into General equation of a
circle.
𝟑 𝟐 𝟐𝟗
1. ( 𝒙 − ) + (𝒚 − 𝟐
𝟑) =
𝟐 𝟒
2. ( 𝒙 − 𝟐) + ( 𝒚 − 𝟏) =20
𝟐 𝟐

3. ( 𝒙 − 𝟑)𝟐 + 𝒚 𝟐 = 𝟏𝟔
Find the center and radius, and find the standard equation of a
circle.
1. 𝒙𝟐 + 𝒚𝟐 − 𝟓𝒙 + 𝟒𝒚 = 𝟒𝟔
2. 𝟒𝒙𝟐 + 𝟒 𝒚𝟐 + 𝟒𝟎𝒙 − 𝟑𝟐𝒚 = 𝟓
Find the center and radius of the circle
1. Center (5, -6) , tangent to x- axis
2. Center (5, -6) , tangent to y axis
3. Having (3, 0) and (-2, -4) as ends of diameter
1. Find the equation of the circle with center (-4,1)
and passing through (6, -1)
1. A single-lane street 10 ft wide goes through a
semicircular tunnel with radius 9 ft. How high is the
tunnel at the edge of each lane? Round off to 2
decimal places.