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Analytical Chem Chap11
Analytical Chem Chap11
Analytical Chem Chap11
The benefits of these methods are that they are rapid, accurate,
convenient, and readily available.
Defining Terms
Standard Solution
Titration
Equivalence Point
Back- Titration
Defining terms
Standard Solution: A reagent of a known concentration which is used in the
titrimetric analysis.
Indicators are used to give an observable physical change (end point) at or near
the equivalence point by adding them to the analyte. The difference between the
end point and equivalence point should be very small and this difference is
referred to as titration error. To determine the titration error: Et= Vep - Veq
Et is the titration error
Veq is the theoretical value of reagent required to reach the end point
Primary Standards
A primary standard is a highly purified compound that serves as a reference material in
all volumetric and mass titrimetric properties. The accuracy depends on the properties of
a compound and the important properties are:
1. High purity
2. Atmospheric stability
Compounds that meet or even approach these criteria are few, and only a few primary
standards are available.
Standard Solutions
Standard solutions play a key role in titrimetric
methods.
Desirable Properties of Standard Solutions:
1. Sufficiently stable
2. React rapidly with analyte
3. React completely with analyte
4. Endure a selective reaction with analyte
Example of titration and set up
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Aqueous/Stoich/Aqua02.htm
Example: Calculating the Molarity of Standard Solutions
How would you prepare 50mL portions of standard solutions that are
0.005 M, 0.002 M, and 0.001 M in a standard 0.01 M Na+?
The following two examples show the two types of volumetric calculations.
The first involves computing the molarity of solutions that have been
standardized against either a primary standard or another standard solution.
The second example involves calculating the amount of analyte in a sample
from titration data.
Example: Molarity of solutions that have been
standardized
A 0.8040g sample of an iron ore is dissolved in acid. The iron is then reduced to
Fe2+ and titrated with 47.22mL of 0.02242 M KMnO4 solution. Calculate the
results of this analysis in terms of percent Fe (55.847 g/mol).
Stoichiometric ratio = 5 mmol Fe2+/ 1 mmol KMnO4
Amount KMnO4 = 47.22mL KMnO4 x 0.02242 mmol KMnO4
mL KMnO4
Amount Fe2+ = (47.22 x 0.02242) mmol KMnO4 x 5 mmol Fe2+
1 mmol KMnO4
Mass Fe2+ = (47.22 x 0.02242 x 5) mmol Fe2+ x 0.055847 g Fe 2+
mmol Fe2+
% Fe2+ = (47.22 x 0.02242 x 5 x 0.055947) g Fe 2+ x 100% = 36.77%
0.8040 g sample
Titration Curves
www.psigate.ac.uk/newsite/ reference/plambeck/chem1/p01173.htm
References
Skoog, D., West, D., Holler, F.J., & Crouch, S.
(2000). Analytical Chemistry: An Introduction.
7th ed. Thomson Learning, Inc: United States
of America.
http://wine1.sb.fsu.edu/chm1045/notes/Aque
ous/Stoich/Aqua02.htm
www.psigate.ac.uk/newsite/
reference/plambeck/chem1/p01173.htm
http://www2.hmc.edu/~karukstis/chem21f20
01/tutorials/tutorialStoichiFrame.html